Remote and online education
The Office of Academic and Digital Innovations is a structural unit of the Department for Academic Affairs that ensures the development and implementation of academic and digital innovations in the educational process, the advancement of open, distance, and online learning systems, as well as the provision of consulting and training services related to the digital transformation of education.
More
al-Farabi Kazakh National University is a leader among Kazakhstani universities in implementing MOOCs on the OpenEdx open platform.
Since the 2014-2015 academic year, the Distance Education Center of al-Farabi KazNU, together with the faculty, has begun work on creating MOOCs. Currently, their own MOOC platform based on the Open edX system is operational at .
On October 1, 2015, the first open courses were launched by leading professors of al-Farabi KazNU - Probability Theory and Physics Problems with Associate Professor V. Kashkarov. Around 250 and 500 listeners from different regions of Kazakhstan enrolled in these courses, respectively. Mostly, students from the 1st and 2nd years of al-Farabi KazNU, senior classes of Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools, specialized physics-mathematical and secondary schools were trained in these courses. Data analysis showed significant interest in these courses, which encourages faculty and university staff to continue working in this direction. By the end of June 2016, more than two thousand listeners were registered in the system.
With active support from al-Farabi KazNU, the National Platform for Open Education of Kazakhstan (hereinafter - NPOOEK) was launched.
As part of the implementation of a set of measures to develop e-learning and organize the work of NPOOEK to train personnel based on distance educational technologies (DET) and strengthen the work of the Distance Education Center (DEC), with the aim of increasing the mobility of providing educational services of the university for new educational programs, the university administration made a decision (Rector's Order No. 45 of 29.01.2016) to transform the structural unit "Distance Education Center" into the "Institute of Distance Education" (IDE), within which the Center for Massive Open Online Courses (CMOOC) was created as a project office of the national platform. The position of the MOOC center, as well as the job descriptions of the head, lead specialist, and specialist of the CMOOC center were developed and approved by the Vice-Rector for Academic Affairs Ahmed-Zaki D.Zh. (as of March 14, 2016) (as of January 10, 2019).
In February 2016, the Institute of Distance Education was transformed into the Institute of New Educational Technologies, within which the CMOOC continues to operate.
Motto
Cogito Ergo Sum - I think, therefore, I exist.
The Silver Age is a spiritually and intellectually rich period of a person's life. The time has come to comprehend the lived, wise attitude to the world and the need to adapt to the changes taking place in it. Based on this, the goal, objectives and principles of the Silver University have been formed. The aim is to keep older people connected to meaningful and active social contexts later in life in the new network-centric society and smart spaces.
Tasks of the Silver University programm:
- To create favorable conditions for self-education and self-improvement at the group and individual level for the effective adaptation of older people in modern life.
- To help maintain a circle and flow of communication and communication with peers, which are often so lacking in the representatives of the Silver age.
- Maintain a positive attitude towards life through creative activities.
- Motivate for physical activity.
- Contribute to building harmonious relations between the representatives of the silver age with family members and society.
- Improve legal and financial literacy.
- Increase digital literacy by helping to master modern technical means and information technologies to adapt to the conditions of a digital society.
- To organize training in a sparing mode.
Principles of the Silver University programm:
- Hermeneutic education is an orientation not to knowledge, but to understanding.
- Orientation towards understanding and formalizing one's own accumulated life and professional experience, and not towards gaining experience.
- Worldview education and self-education is focused not on ontological replenishment, but on the design and rethinking of one's own intellectual baggage.
- User skills and abilities, primarily focused on self-service.
At 91传媒 KazNU, the concept of the Silver University is implemented through the passage of representatives of the Silver University online courses posted on the official educational online platform of the University - OpenKazNU (https://open.kaznu.kz/ ).
Online courses have an intuitive structure and are the perfect choice for seniors who want to improve at their own pace. Thanks to free online courses, students can study simply for the sake of gaining new knowledge in an interesting subject, for example, history, philosophy or new technologies.
|
Journalism |
Information Technology |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Philosophy and political science |
|
|
Physics |
|
|
|
|
|
Philology |
|
|
|
|
|
Jurisprudence |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Biology |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Economy |
|
|
|
Dear lecturers and employees!
In order to improve the quality of education using distance educational technologies through the exchange of experience between university teachers Office of Academic and Digital Innovations of 91传媒 Kazakh National University launches a cycle of online master classes "Digital Workshop of Lecturer".
In the workshop, we will learn from each other, sharing the best pedagogical practices on the use of digital technologies and tools in teaching students. Together discuss and, if possible, solve our problems.
Dear colleagues, if you are implementing effective and interesting practices in working with students, we invite you to share your experience and act as instructors at the next master classes!
We are open to your suggestions and interesting ideas!
Conducted meetings in the digital workshop
|
Master class topic |
Teacher / faculty |
Link to recording |
| Artificial Intelligence Regulation: A European Approach for Central Asia | Hudayberdina G.A. | |
| Using ChatGPT technology in data analysis | Karyukin Vladislav Igorevich | |
| Innovative methods in teaching: a student-centered approach to teaching natural sciences | Jusupova Aizhan Izbassarovna | |
| Practical aspects of social surveys: resources and sampling |
Shabdenova Aizhan Bazarhanovna |
|
| "Telegram pedagogy" | Seidekhanov S.A., Journalism department |
|
| Essay space. Types of educational essays. |
Sansyzbaeva S.K., faculty of philology and world languages |
|
|
Working with the Miro / Mindmeister interactive whiteboard Create an interactive presentation with Canva |
Rakhmatullaeva D.Zh. Higher School of Economics and Business |
|
|
Remote knowledge assessment platform "Startexam" |
Dolgikh V.R., faculty of medicine and health care |
|
|
Crossword tasks as a method of developing education. Elements of gamification in the classroom. In the English language. |
Morugova E. A., faculty of Philology and World Languages |
2021 - 2023 sessions:
Faculty of medicine and health care
Faculty of Philology and World Languages
Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics
Faculty of Oriental Studies
Faculty of International Relations
Faculty of Philosophy and Political Science
Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology
Physics and Technology Faculty
Dear teachers, employees and students!
In order to increase mental and emotional well-being, prevention and prevention of emotional burnout, Office of academic and digital innovations of 91传媒 Kazakh National University in conjunction with the Department of General and Applied Psychology. al-Farabi launches online training "Virtual Psychological lounge".
- Are you tired of working / studying in the distance?
- Constant work or incomplete tasks do not give you time to relax and unwind?
- Do you often feel tired and lacking in energy?
- Postpone the case to a “long box” or on the next Monday?
Exhale, do not restrain yourself and join our psychological living room, where you can share any of your experiences, problems and worries, as well as relax for your own benefit!
Moreover, you can do it now, without registration and SMS, and also absolutely anonymously! Follow the link below to our collaboration board - Padlet and leave your anonymous notes, and already at the next training you will be able to find support, motivation and recommendations for solving problem situations that have arisen!
Meetings held in the psychological lounge
|
Training topic |
Annotation |
Trainer(s) |
Link to a records |
|
"ON DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND RELATIONSHIPS. WHAT EVERY PERSON SHOULD KNOW? "
|
How do you know that your partner is prone to violence? |
Kabakova M.P. - Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Associate Professor, Kalymbetova E.K. - Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Associate Professor, Sadvakasova Z.M. - Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor |
|
|
Stress resistance as a means of combating emotional burnout |
The main topics of the training: *Theory and diagnosis of emotional burnout *Methods for coping with burnout *Stress resistance and prevention of emotional burnout |
Nazarova A., Manarbekova Zh., Yafarov R. Department of general and applied psychology Faculty of Philosophy and Political Science
|
|
|
Nonviolent communication: life without conflicts with peace in the heart |
Main points: *The nature of the conflictogen *Methods of conflict prevention *Approaches to competent conflict resolution |
Sadvakasova Z.M.-Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor, Nazarova M. – 2nd year Master's student of the Department of Psychology |
|
|
Feelings of ANXIETY: What are the causes of "causeless" anxiety and how to eliminate them? |
The nature and mechanism of anxiety. |
Sadvakasova Zukhra Maratovna Associate Professor of the Department of Psychology |
|
|
From thought to an action! |
“To justify ourselves in our own eyes, we often convince ourselves that we are unable to achieve the goal; in fact, we are not powerless, but weak-willed. " Francois de La Rochefoucauld During the training you will learn: * How to form habits that will lead us to success? * How to focus on the essentials and set priorities? * How to move from thoughts to action? |
Master of sciences, Karabalina Zh.B. 8 777 002 1941
|
袣谢懈屑邪褌 屑械薪褟械褌褋褟, 懈 褝褌芯 锌褉芯懈褋褏芯写懈褌 锌褉褟屑芯 褋械泄褔邪褋. 袛谢褟 褌芯谐芯, 褔褌芯斜褘 谢褞写懈 屑芯谐谢懈 胁芯褋锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪褌褜褋褟 胁芯蟹屑芯卸薪芯褋褌褟屑懈 懈 褋薪懈蟹懈褌褜 褉懈褋泻懈, 泻邪卸写褘泄 写芯谢卸械薪 蟹薪邪褌褜 芯斜 懈蟹屑械薪械薪懈懈 泻谢懈屑邪褌邪. 孝芯, 泻邪泻 褝褌芯 芯褋胁械褖邪械褌褋褟 胁 小袦袠, 锌芯胁谢懈褟械褌 薪邪 褌芯, 薪邪褋泻芯谢褜泻芯 褏芯褉芯褕芯 芯斜褖械褋褌胁芯 褋锌褉邪胁懈褌褋褟 褋 褝褌芯泄 锌褉芯斜谢械屑芯泄. 袣褍褉褋 锌褉械写薪邪蟹薪邪褔械薪 写谢褟 卸褍褉薪邪谢懈褋褌芯胁, 斜谢芯谐械褉芯胁, 褉邪斜芯褌薪懈泻芯胁 小袦袠, 写谢褟 谐褉邪屑芯褌薪芯谐芯 写芯薪械褋械薪懈褟 懈薪褎芯褉屑邪褑懈懈 芯斜 懈蟹屑械薪械薪懈懈 泻谢懈械薪褌邪 写芯 芯斜褖械褋褌胁械薪薪芯褋褌懈 薪邪 芯褋薪芯胁械 褋褌邪薪写邪褉褌芯胁 挟袧袝小袣袨.
袨薪谢邪泄薪-泻褍褉褋 锌芯蟹薪邪泻芯屑懈褌 褋谢褍褕邪褌械谢械泄 褋 锌褉芯褋褌褘屑懈 懈 写械泄褋褌胁械薪薪褘屑懈 褌械褏薪懈泻邪屑懈 锌芯 芯褋胁械褖械薪懈褞 泻芯薪褎谢懈泻褌芯胁, 锌芯屑芯卸械褌 褉邪蟹芯斜褉邪褌褜褋褟 胁 芯褋薪芯胁邪褏 泻芯薪褎谢懈泻褌芯谢芯谐懈懈 懈 锌褉懈屑械薪懈褌褜 薪邪 锌褉邪泻褌懈泻械 褉械泻芯屑械薪写邪褑懈懈 屑械卸写褍薪邪褉芯写薪褘褏 褝泻褋锌械褉褌芯胁. 袦袨袨袣 胁泻谢褞褔邪械褌 胁 褋械斜褟 懈薪褎芯褉屑邪褑懈褞 锌芯 芦袞褍褉薪邪谢懈褋褌懈泻械 屑懈褉邪禄, 芦携蟹褘泻褍 薪械薪邪胁懈褋褌懈禄, 芦袣芯屑邪薪写薪芯屑褍 褉械锌芯褉褌械褉褋褌胁褍禄, 芦袚械薪写械褉薪芯屑褍 斜邪谢邪薪褋褍禄 懈 写褉褍谐懈屑 褋芯胁褉械屑械薪薪褘屑 锌芯薪褟褌懈褟屑 泻芯薪褎谢懈泻褌薪芯-褔褍胁褋褌胁懈褌械谢褜薪芯谐芯 褌械泻褋褌邪.
芦孝懈锌芯胁芯泄 泻褍褉褋 锌芯 斜械蟹芯锌邪褋薪芯褋褌懈 卸褍褉薪邪谢懈褋褌芯胁禄 锌芯蟹胁芯谢懈褌 胁褋械屑 卸械谢邪褞褖懈屑 锌芯薪褟褌褜, 泻邪泻 薪邪写芯 褋芯斜谢褞写邪褌褜 锌褉芯褎械褋褋懈芯薪邪谢褜薪褍褞 懈 谢懈褔薪褍褞 斜械蟹芯锌邪褋薪芯褋褌褜 胁 褋褎械褉械 屑械写懈邪, 锌芯谢褍褔懈胁 薪邪胁褘泻懈 褋芯褏褉邪薪械薪懈褟 蟹写芯褉芯胁褜褟 懈 卸懈蟹薪懈 锌褉懈 胁褘锌芯谢薪械薪懈懈 褉械写邪泻褑懈芯薪薪褘褏 蟹邪写邪薪懈泄. 笑械谢褜 写懈褋褑懈锌谢懈薪褘 鈥 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁懈褌褜 屑械褌芯写褘 褉邪斜芯褌褘 胁 小袦袠 懈 褋芯褑懈邪谢褜薪褘褏 屑械写懈邪 斜械蟹 褎懈蟹懈褔械褋泻懈褏 懈谢懈 屑芯褉邪谢褜薪褘褏 褍谐褉芯蟹. 袪械蟹褍谢褜褌邪褌邪屑懈 芯斜褍褔械薪懈褟 褟胁谢褟械褌褋褟 褎芯褉屑懈褉芯胁邪薪懈械 斜械蟹芯锌邪褋薪芯泄 屑芯写械谢懈 锌芯胁械写械薪懈褟 卸褍褉薪邪谢懈褋褌邪, 褎褉懈谢邪薪褋械褉邪, 斜谢芯谐谐械褉邪. 袣褍褉褋 写邪褋褌 胁芯蟹屑芯卸薪芯褋褌褜 芯斜芯泄褌懈 芯锌邪褋薪芯褋褌懈 锌芯褏懈褖械薪懈褟, 锌褉械写薪邪屑械褉械薪薪芯谐芯 褍斜懈泄褋褌胁邪, 褌褉邪胁屑邪褌懈蟹屑邪, 泻褉邪卸懈 泻芯屑锌褜褞褌械褉薪褘褏 写邪薪薪褘褏, 薪械蟹邪泻芯薪薪芯谐芯 褋褍写械斜薪芯谐芯 锌褉械褋谢械写芯胁邪薪懈褟, 芯褌泻邪蟹邪 胁 锌褉械写芯褋褌邪胁谢械薪懈懈 懈薪褎芯褉屑邪褑懈懈, 斜谢芯泻懈褉芯胁邪薪懈褟 卸褍褉薪邪谢懈褋褌褋泻芯谐芯 褉邪褋褋谢械写芯胁邪薪懈褟. 袩褉械写屑械褌 薪邪褍褔懈褌 锌褉芯谐薪芯蟹懈褉芯胁邪褌褜 胁芯蟹屑芯卸薪褘械 芯锌邪褋薪芯褋褌懈 写谢褟 卸褍褉薪邪谢懈褋褌芯胁 懈 褋芯褌褉褍写薪懈泻芯胁 小袦袠, 写芯胁械写褟 芯褑械薪泻褍 褉懈褋泻芯胁 写芯 锌褉芯褎械褋褋懈芯薪邪谢褜薪芯谐芯 褍褉芯胁薪褟. 袟邪 芯褋薪芯胁褍 胁蟹褟褌 褍褔械斜薪懈泻 袣. 袗褉褌褍褉褋邪, 袦. 肖芯谢谢懈., 袦. 袗斜褍-肖邪写懈谢褜 芦孝懈锌芯胁芯泄 泻褍褉褋 锌芯 斜械蟹芯锌邪褋薪芯褋褌懈 卸褍褉薪邪谢懈褋褌芯胁禄, 褉邪蟹褉邪斜芯褌邪薪薪褘泄 袘褞褉芯 挟袧袝小袣袨 胁 袘械泄褉褍褌械 褋芯胁屑械褋褌薪芯 褋芯 袙褋械屑懈褉薪芯泄 褎械写械褉邪褑懈械泄 卸褍褉薪邪谢懈褋褌芯胁, 懈 锌械褉械胁械写械薪薪褘泄 袣谢邪褋褌械褉薪褘屑 袘褞褉芯 挟袧袝小袣袨 胁 袗谢屑邪褌褘.
袘冶谢 泻褍褉褋 C# 锌褉芯谐褉邪屑屑邪谢邪褍 褌褨谢褨薪褨遥 薪械谐褨蟹写械褉褨薪 爷泄褉械薪褍谐械 邪褉薪邪谢覔邪薪. 袨谢 斜邪泻邪谢邪胁褉懈邪褌褌邪 芯覜褘谢邪褌褘薪 芦袗谢谐芯褉懈褌屑写械褉, 写械褉械泻褌械褉 覜冶褉褘谢褘屑褘 卸訖薪械 锌褉芯谐褉邪屑屑邪谢邪褍禄 卸訖薪械 芦袩褉芯谐褉邪屑屑邪谢邪褍 褌褨谢写械褉褨禄 锌訖薪写械褉褨 屑邪蟹屑冶薪褘薪 褌芯谢褘覜 覜邪屑褌懈写褘. 袘冶谢 泻褍褉褋 卸邪谢锌褘 小# 锌褉芯谐褉邪屑屑邪谢邪褍 褌褨谢褨薪 爷泄褉械薪谐褨褋褨 泻械谢械褌褨薪 泻械蟹 泻械谢谐械薪 卸邪褋褌邪覔褘 斜褨谢褨屑 邪谢褍褕褘谢邪褉覔邪 邪褉薪邪谢覔邪薪. 袣褍褉褋 锌褉械蟹械薪褌邪褑懈褟 褌爷褉褨薪写械谐褨 鈥 斜械泄薪械写訖褉褨褋褌械褉写械薪, 械褋械锌褌械褉 褌爷褉褨薪写械谐褨 鈥 褌邪锌褋褘褉屑邪谢邪褉写邪薪 (械褋械锌褌械褉 蟹械褉褌褏邪薪邪谢褘覜 卸冶屑褘褋褌邪褉写邪薪 邪谢褘薪邪写褘) 卸訖薪械 卸邪褍邪锌 薪冶褋覜邪谢邪褉褘 泻萤褉褋械褌褨谢谐械薪 褌械褋褌褌械褉写械薪 褌冶褉邪写褘.
袣褍褉褋 薪邪锌褉邪胁谢械薪 薪邪 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈械 褋锌芯褋芯斜薪芯褋褌械泄 褎芯褉屑懈褉芯胁邪褌褜 褍 芯斜褍褔邪褞褖械谐芯褋褟 褎褍薪写邪屑械薪褌邪谢褜薪褘械 蟹薪邪薪懈褟 锌芯 褋褌褉芯械薪懈褞, 褉械邪泻褑懈芯薪薪芯泄 褋锌芯褋芯斜薪芯褋褌懈 懈 锌褉邪泻褌懈褔械褋泻芯屑褍 锌褉懈屑械薪械薪懈褞 芯褋薪芯胁薪褘褏 泻谢邪褋褋芯胁 邪谢懈褎邪褌懈褔械褋泻懈褏 芯褉谐邪薪懈褔械褋泻懈褏 褋芯械写懈薪械薪懈泄 懈 锌褉芯屑褘褕谢械薪薪芯泄 芯褉谐邪薪懈褔械褋泻芯泄 锌褉芯写褍泻褑懈懈 懈 芯褌薪芯褋懈褌褋褟 泻 褑懈泻谢褍 袨袨袛.
The course is designed to cover the on-line lectures on the structure of a research paper and writing argumentative essays on the topics offered. The course participants are expected to obtain the practical writing skills through drafting essays and evaluating them from other course participants.
袣褍褉褋 芦协薪械褉谐芯褝褎褎械泻褌懈胁薪褘械 褌械褏薪芯谢芯谐懈懈 褍褌懈谢懈蟹邪褑懈懈 芯褌褏芯写芯胁禄 薪邪锌褉邪胁谢械薪 薪邪 芯蟹薪邪泻芯屑谢械薪懈械 褍褔邪褖懈褏褋褟 泻褍褉褋邪 褋 锌褉芯褑械褋褋邪屑懈, 邪锌锌邪褉邪褌邪屑懈 懈 褌械褏薪芯谢芯谐懈褟屑懈 锌械褉械褉邪斜芯褌泻懈 锌褉芯屑褘褕谢械薪薪褘褏 懈 斜褘褌芯胁褘褏 芯褌褏芯写芯胁, 邪 褌邪泻卸械 褋 芯褋薪芯胁薪褘屑懈 锌芯薪褟褌懈褟屑懈 懈 褌械褉屑懈薪邪屑懈 锌械褉械褉邪斜芯褌泻懈 懈 褍褌懈谢懈蟹邪褑懈懈 芯褌褏芯写芯胁. 袨写薪芯泄 懈蟹 谐谢邪胁薪褘褏 蟹邪写邪褔 褋芯褏褉邪薪械薪懈褟 褝泻芯谢芯谐懈懈 懈 芯泻褉褍卸邪褞褖械泄 褋褉械写褘 褟胁谢褟械褌褋褟 褉械褕械薪懈械 锌褉芯斜谢械屑褘 芯斜褉邪褖械薪懈褟 褋 芯褌褏芯写邪屑懈 (褍锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈械 芯褌褏芯写邪屑懈). 袛谢褟 褋芯蟹写邪薪懈褟 褝泻芯谢芯谐懈褔械褋泻懈 褔懈褋褌芯泄 芯泻褉褍卸邪褞褖械泄 褋褉械写褘 屑懈褉芯胁芯屑褍 褋芯芯斜褖械褋褌胁褍 薪械芯斜褏芯写懈屑芯, 锌褉械卸写械 胁褋械谐芯, 褉械褕懈褌褜 胁芯锌褉芯褋 褍褌懈谢懈蟹邪褑懈懈 锌褉芯屑褘褕谢械薪薪褘褏 芯褌褏芯写芯胁. 袙 褋胁褟蟹懈 褋 褌械屑, 褔褌芯 锌褉邪泻褌懈褔械褋泻懈械 芯褋薪芯胁褘 褍褌懈谢懈蟹邪褑懈懈 芯褌褏芯写芯胁 褟胁谢褟褞褌褋褟 薪芯胁芯泄 芯褌褉邪褋谢褜褞 写谢褟 屑薪芯谐懈褏 褋褌褉邪薪, 褌芯 褌械褏薪芯谢芯谐懈懈 锌械褉械褉邪斜芯褌泻懈 懈 褍褌懈谢懈蟹邪褑懈懈 芯褌褏芯写芯胁 薪邪褔懈薪邪褞褌 褋胁芯褢 褋褌褉械屑懈褌械谢褜薪芯械 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈械. 袩褉械懈屑褍褖械褋褌胁芯 褝褌懈褏 胁懈写芯胁 锌械褉械褉邪斜芯褌泻懈 芯褌褏芯写芯胁 - 锌芯谢褍褔械薪懈械 胁褌芯褉懈褔薪芯谐芯 褋褘褉褜褟 写谢褟 锌褉芯屑褘褕谢械薪薪芯谐芯 褍锌芯褌褉械斜谢械薪懈褟.
袘冶谢 泻褍褉褋褌邪 斜褨谢褨屑 邪谢褍褕褘谢邪褉覔邪 覜邪蟹褨褉谐褨 覜芯覔邪屑写邪覔褘 萤蟹械泻褌褨 屑訖褋械谢械 斜芯谢褘锌 芯褌褘褉覔邪薪 卸邪遥邪 卸訖薪械 卸芯覔邪褉褘 褌械褏薪芯谢芯谐懈褟谢邪褉 褋邪谢邪褋褘薪写邪 覜邪谢写褘覜褌邪褉写邪薪 褝薪械褉谐懈褟 萤薪写褨褉褍 爷褕褨薪 覜芯谢写邪薪褘谢邪褌褘薪 覜芯薪写褘褉覔褘谢邪褉 屑械薪 卸邪遥邪 褌械褏薪芯谢芯谐懈褟谢邪褉写褘 卸爷蟹械谐械 邪褋褘褉褍写褘遥 蟹邪屑邪薪邪褍懈 褌訖褋褨谢写械褉褨 屑械薪 訖写褨褋褌械褉褨薪, 斜訖褋械泻械谐械 覜邪斜褨谢械褌褌褨谢褨谐褨薪 覜邪屑褌邪屑邪褋褘蟹 械褌褍 爷褕褨薪 覜邪蟹褨褉谐褨 蟹邪屑邪薪覔褘 覜冶褉邪谢写邪褉褘薪 覜芯谢写邪薪褍 写邪覔写褘谢邪褉褘 屑械薪 褨褋泻械褉谢褨谐褨薪 覜邪谢褘锌褌邪褋褌褘褉褍 泻萤褉褋械褌褨谢谐械薪. 覛邪谢写褘覜褌邪褉写褘 萤遥写械褍写褨遥 訖写褨褋褌械褉褨 萤褌械 泻萤锌, 褋芯薪写褘覜褌邪薪 覜邪谢写褘覜褌邪褉写褘 萤遥写械褍 爷褕褨薪 斜褨蟹 褌訖卸褨褉懈斜械 卸邪褋邪褍 斜邪褉褘褋褘薪写邪 卸邪遥邪 褌械褏薪芯谢芯谐懈褟 褉械褌褨薪写械 锌谢邪蟹屑邪 谐械薪械褉邪褌芯褉褘薪 覜芯谢写邪薪写褘覜. 袨褋褘 泻褍褉褋褌褘遥 械褉械泻褕械谢褨谐褨 谐械薪械褉邪褌芯褉谢邪褉写褘 覜芯谢写邪薪褍 邪褉覜褘谢褘 锌谢邪蟹屑邪薪褘 邪谢褍 訖写褨褋褌械褉褨 斜芯谢褘锌 褌邪斜褘谢邪写褘. 袗褉褘 覜邪褉邪泄 覜芯薪写褘褉覔褘谢邪褉写褘 褋訖泄泻械褋褌械薪写褨褉褨锌, 卸褨泻褌械锌, 覜邪谢写褘覜褌邪褉写邪薪 褝薪械褉谐懈褟 萤薪写褨褉械褌褨薪 褕邪褉褌褌邪褉褘 屑械薪 卸冶屑褘褋褌邪褉褘薪 褌爷褋褨薪写褨褉褨锌, 褌械褉屑芯写懈薪邪屑懈泻邪谢褘覜 械褋械锌褌械褉 卸爷褉谐褨蟹褨锌, 锌谢邪蟹屑邪 褏懈屑懈褟谢褘覜 锌褉芯褑械褋褌械褉写褨 褋懈锌邪褌褌邪泄屑褘蟹
袨薪谢邪泄薪 泻褍褉褋 锌芯褋胁褟褖械薪 泻芯屑锌谢械泻褋褍 胁芯锌褉芯褋芯胁, 褋胁褟蟹邪薪薪褘褏 褋 褉邪蟹褉邪斜芯褌泻芯泄 懈薪薪芯胁邪褑懈芯薪薪褘褏 屑械褌芯写芯胁 褉械褕械薪懈褟 锌褉芯斜谢械屑 褝薪械褉谐芯-褉械褋褍褉褋芯褋斜械褉械卸械薪懈褟 胁 褋芯褔械褌邪薪懈懈 褋 褝泻芯谢芯谐懈褔械褋泻懈屑懈 锌褉芯斜谢械屑邪屑懈 褍褌懈谢懈蟹邪褑懈懈 芯褌褏芯写芯胁, 芯斜褉邪蟹褍褞褖懈褏褋褟 胁 褉械蟹褍谢褜褌邪褌械 卸懈蟹薪械写械褟褌械谢褜薪芯褋褌懈 褔械谢芯胁械泻邪. 袠薪褎芯褉屑邪褑懈褟, 锌芯谢褍褔械薪薪邪褟 胁 褏芯写械 懈蟹褍褔械薪懈褟 泻褍褉褋邪, 写邪械褌 胁芯蟹屑芯卸薪芯褋褌褜 锌谢邪薪懈褉芯胁邪褌褜, 褉邪蟹褉邪斜邪褌褘胁邪褌褜 懈 胁薪械写褉褟褌褜 褋芯胁褉械屑械薪薪褘械 褝薪械褉谐芯褝褎褎械泻褌懈胁薪褘械 褌械褏薪芯谢芯谐懈懈 褍褌懈谢懈蟹邪褑懈 芯褌褏芯写芯胁, 斜械褉械卸薪芯 懈 褉邪褑懈芯薪邪谢褜薪芯 懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪褌褜 锌褉懈褉芯写薪褘械 褉械褋褍褉褋褘 胁 懈薪褌械褉械褋邪褏 斜褍写褍褖懈褏 锌芯泻芯谢械薪懈泄 懈 胁 褋芯芯褌胁械褌褋褌胁懈懈 褋 锌褉懈薪褟褌褘屑懈 袪械褋锌褍斜谢懈泻芯泄 袣邪蟹邪褏褋褌邪薪 屑械卸写褍薪邪褉芯写薪褘屑懈 芯斜褟蟹邪褌械谢褜褋褌胁邪屑懈 胁 褋褎械褉械 褝泻芯谢芯谐懈懈.
袣褍褉褋 锌芯褋胁褟褖械薪 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁谢械薪懈褞 锌芯谢薪芯泄 泻邪褉褌懈薪褘, 褋褍褖械褋褌胁褍褞褖械泄 胁 褋褎械褉械 芯斜褉邪褖械薪懈懈 褋 褌胁械褉写褘屑懈 斜褘褌芯胁褘屑懈 芯褌褏芯写邪屑懈, 泻 胁褘斜芯褉褍 芯锌褌懈屑邪谢褜薪褘褏 褌械褏薪芯谢芯谐懈懈, 泻芯褌芯褉褘械 写芯谢卸薪褘 褉邪褋褋屑邪褌褉懈胁邪褌褜 褍褋褌芯泄褔懈胁褘械 褉械褕械薪懈褟 胁 写邪薪薪芯泄 褋褎械褉械. 袙 褝褌芯屑 泻褍褉褋械 斜褍写褍褌 蟹邪褌褉芯薪褍褌褘 褌邪泻懈械 褌械屑褘 泻邪泻: 褔褌芯 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁谢褟褞褌 懈蟹 褋械斜褟 芯褌褏芯写褘, 泻邪泻芯械 胁谢懈褟薪懈械 芯泻邪蟹褘胁邪褞褌 薪邪 芯泻褉褍卸邪褞褖褍褞 褋褉械写褍, 褔褌芯 锌褉芯懈褋褏芯写懈褌 胁 褋褎械褉械 芯斜褉邪褖械薪懈褟 褋 芯褌褏芯写邪屑懈 胁 袣邪蟹邪褏褋褌邪薪械, 泻邪泻懈械 锌褉械写锌褉懈褟褌懈褟 蟹邪薪懈屑邪褞褌褋褟 褍褌懈谢懈蟹邪褑懈械泄 懈 褋褌懈屑褍谢懈褉褍械褌褋褟 谢懈 谐芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁芯屑 写邪薪薪褘泄 胁懈写 锌褉芯懈蟹胁芯写褋褌胁邪, 褌邪泻卸械 褋 褌芯褔泻懈 蟹褉械薪懈褟 斜懈蟹薪械褋邪 褋屑芯谐褍褌 谢懈 卸械谢邪褞褖懈械 蟹邪褉邪斜芯褌邪褌褜 薪邪 褝褌芯泄 写械褟褌械谢褜薪芯褋褌懈 懈 薪邪 锌褉懈屑械褉械 蟹邪褉褍斜械卸薪褘褏 褋褌褉邪薪 锌芯泻邪蟹邪褌褜, 泻邪泻 写邪薪薪褘泄 锌褉芯褑械褋褋 芯褋褍褖械褋褌胁谢褟械褌褋褟.
袣褍褉褋 芦袩芯胁褌芯褉薪芯械 懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪薪懈械 芯褌褏芯写芯胁禄 薪邪锌褉邪胁谢械薪邪 薪邪 芯蟹薪邪泻芯屑谢械薪懈械 褍褔邪褖懈褏褋褟 泻褍褉褋邪 褋 锌褉芯褑械褋褋邪屑懈, 邪锌锌邪褉邪褌邪屑懈 懈 褌械褏薪芯谢芯谐懈褟屑懈 锌械褉械褉邪斜芯褌泻懈 锌褉芯屑褘褕谢械薪薪褘褏 懈 斜褘褌芯胁褘褏 芯褌褏芯写芯胁, 邪 褌邪泻卸械 褋 芯褋薪芯胁薪褘屑懈 锌芯薪褟褌懈褟屑懈 懈 褌械褉屑懈薪邪屑懈 锌械褉械褉邪斜芯褌泻懈 懈 褍褌懈谢懈蟹邪褑懈懈 芯褌褏芯写芯胁.
袣褍褉褋 芦袦邪褌械屑邪褌懈褔械褋泻懈泄 邪薪邪谢懈蟹 2禄 褟胁谢褟械褌褋褟 械褋褌械褋褌胁械薪薪褘屑 锌褉芯写芯谢卸械薪懈械屑 泻褍褉褋邪 芦袦邪褌械屑邪褌懈褔械褋泻懈泄 邪薪邪谢懈蟹 1禄 懈 锌芯褋胁褟褖械薪 薪械褋芯斜褋褌胁械薪薪褘屑, 泻褉邪褌薪褘屑, 泻褉懈胁芯谢懈薪械泄薪褘屑 懈 锌芯胁械褉褏薪芯褋褌薪褘屑 懈薪褌械谐褉邪谢邪屑, 邪 褌邪泻卸械 褌械芯褉懈懈 锌芯谢褟, 褔懈褋谢芯胁褘屑, 褋褌械锌械薪薪褘屑 懈 褌褉懈谐芯薪芯屑械褌褉懈褔械褋泻懈屑 褉褟写芯屑 懈 褎褍薪泻褑懈褟屑 屑薪芯谐懈褏 锌械褉械屑械薪薪褘褏, 褋 泻芯褌芯褉褘屑懈 写芯褋褌邪褌芯褔薪芯 褔邪褋褌芯 锌褉懈褏芯写懈褌褜褋褟 胁褋褌褉械褔邪褌褜褋褟 褋褌褍写械薪褌邪屑 褎懈蟹懈泻芯-褌械褏薪懈褔械褋泻芯泄 褋锌械褑懈邪谢褜薪芯褋褌懈. 袙 薪邪褋褌芯褟褖械械 胁褉械屑褟 斜谢邪谐芯写邪褉褟 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈褞 泻芯屑锌褜褞褌械褉芯胁 屑邪褌械屑邪褌懈泻邪 锌褉械胁褉邪褌懈谢邪褋褜 胁 屑芯褖薪褘泄 懈 褝褎褎械泻褌懈胁薪褘泄 懈薪褋褌褉褍屑械薪褌 懈褋褋谢械写芯胁邪薪懈褟 屑懈褉邪. 袦芯写械谢懈褉芯胁邪薪懈械 锌褉芯褑械褋褋芯胁 芯褏胁邪褌褘胁邪械褌 胁褋械 斜芯谢械械 褕懈褉芯泻懈泄 泻褉褍谐 蟹邪写邪褔 懈 锌褉懈胁械谢芯 泻 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈褞 褉褟写邪 薪芯胁褘褏 薪邪褍褔薪褘褏 薪邪锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈泄. 袧芯胁褘械 锌芯写褏芯写褘 褌褉械斜褍褞褌 芯褌 褋芯胁褉械屑械薪薪褘褏 褋锌械褑懈邪谢懈褋褌芯胁 褏芯褉芯褕械械 胁谢邪写械薪懈械 斜邪蟹芯胁褘屑懈 蟹薪邪薪懈褟屑懈 邪薪邪谢懈蟹邪. 袧邪褋褌芯褟褖懈泄 泻褍褉褋 薪邪锌褉邪胁谢械薪 薪邪 褌芯, 褔褌芯斜褘 写邪褌褜 褋褌褍写械薪褌邪屑 蟹薪邪薪懈褟 懈 褍屑械薪懈械 胁谢邪写械褌褜 褌邪泻懈屑懈 芯褋薪芯胁邪屑懈 屑邪褌械屑邪褌懈泻懈, 泻邪泻 芦袦邪褌械屑邪褌懈褔械褋泻懈泄 邪薪邪谢懈蟹 1 懈 2禄.
袙 薪邪褋褌芯褟褖械械 胁褉械屑褟 斜谢邪谐芯写邪褉褟 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈褞 泻芯屑锌褜褞褌械褉芯胁 屑邪褌械屑邪褌懈泻邪 锌褉械胁褉邪褌懈谢邪褋褜 胁 屑芯褖薪褘泄 懈 褝褎褎械泻褌懈胁薪褘泄 懈薪褋褌褉褍屑械薪褌 懈褋褋谢械写芯胁邪薪懈褟 屑懈褉邪. 袦芯写械谢懈褉芯胁邪薪懈械 锌褉芯褑械褋褋芯胁 芯褏胁邪褌褘胁邪械褌 胁褋械 斜芯谢械械 褕懈褉芯泻懈泄 泻褉褍谐 蟹邪写邪褔 懈 锌褉懈胁械谢芯 泻 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈褞 褉褟写邪 薪芯胁褘褏 薪邪褍褔薪褘褏 薪邪锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈泄. 袧芯胁褘械 锌芯写褏芯写褘 褌褉械斜褍褞褌 芯褌 褋芯胁褉械屑械薪薪褘褏 褋锌械褑懈邪谢懈褋褌芯胁 褏芯褉芯褕械谐芯 胁谢邪写械薪懈褟 斜邪蟹芯胁褘屑懈 蟹薪邪薪懈褟屑懈 邪薪邪谢懈蟹邪. 袧邪褋褌芯褟褖懈泄 泻褍褉褋 薪邪锌褉邪胁谢械薪 薪邪 褌芯, 褔褌芯斜褘 写邪褌褜 褋褌褍写械薪褌邪屑 锌械褉胁芯谐芯 泻褍褉褋邪 蟹薪邪薪懈褟 褍 褍屑械薪懈械 胁谢邪写械褌褜 褌邪泻懈屑懈 芯褋薪芯胁邪屑懈 屑邪褌械屑邪褌懈泻懈 泻邪泻 褌械芯褉懈褟 锌褉械写械谢芯胁, 懈褋褋谢械写芯胁邪薪懈械 褎褍薪泻褑懈泄 懈 薪械锌褉械褉褘胁薪芯褋褌褜, 写懈褎褎械褉械薪褑懈褉芯胁邪薪懈械 懈 懈薪褌械谐褉邪谢褜薪芯械 懈褋褔懈褋谢械薪懈械. 袣褍褉褋 褋芯褋褌芯懈褌 懈蟹 谢械泻褑懈芯薪薪芯谐芯 屑邪褌械褉懈邪谢邪 褋芯锌褉芯胁芯卸写邪褞褖械谐芯褋褟 褉褟写芯屑 锌褉懈屑械褉芯胁 写谢褟 薪邪谐谢褟写薪芯褋褌懈 懈 褌械褋褌芯胁褘褏 蟹邪写邪薪懈泄 写谢褟 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈褟 褍 褋褌褍写械薪褌芯胁 薪邪胁褘泻芯胁 褉械褕械薪懈褟 蟹邪写邪褔 懈 泻芯薪褌褉芯谢褟 蟹薪邪薪懈泄. 袦邪褌械褉懈邪谢 写邪薪薪褘泄 胁 泻褍褉褋械 懈屑械械褌 褋褉械写薪褞褞 褋褌械锌械薪褜 褋谢芯卸薪芯褋褌懈 懈 褉邪褋褔懈褌邪薪 薪邪 褋褌褍写械薪褌芯胁 屑邪褌械屑邪褌懈褔械褋泻芯谐芯 褎邪泻褍谢褜褌械褌邪, 胁谢邪写械褞褖懈褏 褕泻芯谢褜薪褘屑 泻褍褉褋芯屑 薪邪褔邪谢 邪薪邪谢懈蟹邪.
覓褘谢褘屑写邪褉 褨褕褨薪写械 屑邪褌械屑邪褌懈泻邪 械褉械泻褕械 芯褉褘薪 邪谢邪写褘. 袦邪褌械屑邪褌懈泻邪 薪邪覜褌褘 萤屑褨褉写褨遥 褋邪薪写褘覜 泻邪褌褘薪邪褋褌邪褉褘 屑械薪 泻械遥褨褋褌褨泻褌械谐褨 褌爷褉谢械褉褨 褌冶褉邪谢褘 覔褘谢褘屑. 袦邪褌械屑邪褌懈泻邪, 斜邪褋覜邪 覔褘谢褘屑写邪褉覔邪 褌邪斜懈覔邪褌 覜冶斜褘谢褘褋褌邪褉褘 邪褉邪褋褘薪写邪覔褘 褌爷褉谢褨 泻邪褌褘薪邪褋褌邪褉写褘 萤褉薪械泻褌械褍 爷褕褨薪 褋邪薪写邪褉 屑械薪 褋懈屑胁芯谢写邪褉 褌褨谢褨薪 冶褋褘薪邪写褘. 袘褨褉邪覜, 屑邪褌械屑邪褌懈泻邪薪褘 覜芯谢写邪薪斜邪褋 斜冶褉褘薪, 斜懈芯谢芯谐, 褎懈蟹懈泻 薪械屑械褋械 褝泻芯薪芯屑懈褋褌 蟹械褉褌褌械谢械褌褨薪 泻冶斜褘谢褘褋 屑訖薪褨薪 褌械褉械遥 褌爷褋褨薪褍褨 覜邪卸械褌, 芯薪褘 屑邪褌械屑邪褌懈泻邪谢褘覜 萤遥写械褍谐械 斜芯谢邪褌褘薪写邪泄 械褌褨锌 斜萤谢褨泻褌械褍褨 泻械褉械泻. 袦邪褌械屑邪褌懈泻邪写邪覔褘 蟹械褉褌褌械褍 芯斜褗械泻褌褨谢械褉褨 - 覜芯覔邪屑 屑械薪 褌邪斜懈覔邪褌 泻冶斜褘谢褘褋褌邪褉褘薪 褋懈锌邪褌褌邪褍 爷褕褨薪 覜冶褉褘谢覔邪薪 谢芯谐懈泻邪谢褘覜 屑芯写械谢褜写械褉. 袦邪褌械屑邪褌懈泻邪 芯褋褘 屑芯写械谢褜写械褉 褝谢械屑械薪褌褌械褉褨薪褨遥 邪褉邪褋褘薪写邪覔褘 覜邪褌褘薪邪褋褌邪褉写褘 蟹械褉褌褌械泄写褨. 袘褨褉 覔邪薪邪 屑邪褌械屑邪褌懈泻邪谢褘覜 屑芯写械谢褜 訖褉褌爷褉谢褨 锌褉芯褑械褋褋褌械褉写褨 褋懈锌邪褌褌邪泄 邪谢邪写褘. 袦褘褋邪谢褘, 6ip 写懈褎褎械褉械薪褑懈邪谢写褘覜 褌械薪写械褍 褉邪写懈芯邪泻褌懈胁褌褨 褘写褘褉邪褍写褘 写邪, 写械薪械 褌械屑锌械褉邪褌褍褉邪褋褘薪褘遥 萤蟹谐械褉褨褋褨薪 写械 褋懈锌邪褌褌邪泄写褘. 袨覜褘褉屑邪薪 薪邪蟹邪褉褘薪邪 冶褋褘薪褘谢褘锌 芯褌褘褉覔邪薪 斜冶谢 泻褍褉褋褌邪 屑邪褌械屑邪褌懈泻邪谢褘覜 褌邪谢写邪褍写褘遥 卸邪谢锌褘 冶覔褘屑写邪褉褘 屑械薪 斜械谢谐褨谢械褍谢械褉褨, 卸懈褘薪 屑械薪 褎褍薪泻褑懈褟 冶覔褘屑写邪褉褘, 褋邪薪写褘覜 卸懈褘薪写邪褉, 薪邪覜褌褘 褋邪薪写邪褉 褌械芯褉懈褟褋褘, 褌褨蟹斜械泻 卸訖薪械 褌褨蟹斜械泻褌褨遥 褕械谐褨, 褎褍薪泻褑懈褟薪褘遥 褕械谐褨, 斜褨褉褨薪褕褨 卸訖薪械 械泻褨薪褕褨 褌邪屑邪褕邪 褕械泻褌械褉, 褎褍薪泻褑懈褟 褕械谐褨薪 褌邪斜褍写褘遥 薪械谐褨蟹谐褨 訖写褨褋褌械褉褨, 褎褍薪泻褑懈褟薪褘遥 爷蟹褨谢褨褋褋褨蟹写褨谐褨 屑械薪 斜褨褉 邪泄薪褘屑邪谢褘 褎褍薪泻褑懈褟谢邪褉写褘遥 写懈褎褎械褉械薪褑懈邪谢写褘覜 卸訖薪械 懈薪褌械谐褉邪谢写褘覜 械褋械锌褌械褍谢械褉褨 斜械褉褨谢谐械薪.
袣褍褉褋 袝卸械谢谐褨 楔褘覔褘褋 械谢写械褉褨薪写械谐褨 褌邪褉懈褏懈 爷写械褉褨褋褌械褉谐械 褌邪谢写邪褍 卸邪褋邪褍; 袝卸械谢谐褨 楔褘覔褘褋 覜芯覔邪屑写邪褉褘薪褘遥 褋邪褟褋懈-訖谢械褍屑械褌褌褨泻 写邪屑褍 械褉械泻褕械谢褨泻褌械褉褨薪 邪薪褘覜褌邪褍; 袝卸械谢谐褨 楔褘覔褘褋褌褘遥 卸械泻械谢械谐械薪 屑械屑谢械泻械褌褌械褉褨薪褨遥 訖谢械褍屑械褌褌褨泻-褝泻芯薪芯屑懈泻邪谢褘覜 写邪屑褍褘薪邪 褋邪谢褘褋褌褘褉屑邪谢褘 褌邪谢写邪褍 卸邪褋邪褍; 袝卸械谢谐褨 楔褘覔褘褋 褌邪褉懈褏褘薪褘遥 写械褉械泻褌械褉褨薪械 褋褘薪懈 褌邪谢写邪褍 卸邪褋邪褍 卸訖薪械 芯谢邪褉写褘 蟹械褉褌褌械褍 卸冶屑褘褋褌邪褉褘薪写邪 锌邪泄写邪谢邪薪褍; 袝卸械谢谐褨 楔褘覔褘褋 萤褉泻械薪懈械褌褌械褉褨 斜芯泄褘薪褕邪 薪械谐褨蟹谐褨 褌械芯褉懈褟谢邪褉 屑械薪 褌冶卸褘褉褘屑写邪屑邪谢邪褉写褘 褌邪谢写邪褍 覜邪斜褨谢械褌褌械褉褨薪 写邪屑褘褌褍覔邪 斜邪覔褘褌褌邪谢覔邪薪 卸訖薪械 斜邪蟹邪谢褘覜 褑懈泻谢褘薪邪 卸邪褌邪写褘.
袘冶谢 泻褍褉褋 锌褉芯谐褉邪屑屑邪谢邪褍 褌褨谢褨 薪械谐褨蟹写械褉褨薪 爷泄褉械薪褍谐械 邪褉薪邪谢覔邪薪. 袨谢 斜邪泻邪谢邪胁褉懈邪褌褌邪 芯覜褘谢邪褌褘薪 袗谢谐芯褉懈褌屑写械褉, 屑訖谢褨屑械褌褌械褉 覜冶褉褘谢褘屑褘 卸訖薪械 锌褉芯谐褉邪屑屑邪谢邪褍 卸訖薪械 袩褉芯谐褉邪屑屑邪谢邪褍 褌褨谢写械褉褨 锌訖薪写械褉褨 屑邪蟹屑冶薪褘薪 褌芯谢褘覜 覜邪屑褌懈写褘. 袘冶谢 泻褍褉褋 卸邪谢锌褘 锌褉芯谐褉邪屑屑邪谢邪褍 褌褨谢写械褉褨薪 爷泄褉械薪谐褨褋褨 泻械谢械褌褨薪 泻械蟹 泻械谢械薪 卸邪褋褌邪覔褘 斜褨谢褨屑 邪谢褍褕褘谢邪褉覔邪 邪褉薪邪谢覔邪薪. 袣褍褉褋 锌褉械蟹械薪褌邪褑懈褟 褌爷褉褨薪写械谐褨 鈥 写訖褉褨褋褌械褉写械薪, 械褋械锌 褌爷褉褨薪写械谐褨 鈥 褌邪锌褋褘褉屑邪谢邪褉写邪薪 (械褋械锌褌械褉 蟹械褉褌褏邪薪邪谢褘覜 卸冶屑褘褋褌邪褉写邪薪 邪谢褘薪邪写褘) 卸訖薪械 卸邪褍邪锌 薪冶褋覜邪谢邪褉褘 泻萤褉褋械褌褨谢谐械薪 褌械褋褌褌械褉写械薪 褌冶褉邪写褘.
肖芯褌芯卸褍褉薪邪谢懈褋褌 褕械斜械褉谢褨谐褨 斜芯泄褘薪褕邪 卸邪锌锌邪泄 邪褕褘覜 芯薪谢邪泄薪 泻褍褉褋褘, 卸褍褉薪邪谢懈褋褌 屑邪屑邪薪写褘覔褘薪写邪 泻爷薪写褨蟹谐褨 斜萤谢褨屑写械 斜褨谢褨屑 邪谢褘锌 卸爷褉谐械薪 斜邪泻邪谢邪胁褉懈邪褌 卸訖薪械 卸邪谢锌褘 袘袗覛 褋邪谢邪褋褘薪写邪 覜褘蟹屑械褌 械褌褨锌 卸爷褉谐械薪 褎芯褌芯褌褨谢褕褨谢械褉谐械 斜邪覔褘褌褌邪谢覔邪薪. 袗胁褌芯褉写褘遥 褌褘遥写邪褍褕褘谢邪褉覔邪 褉械褋锌褍斜谢懈泻邪谢褘覜 谐邪蟹械褌-卸褍褉薪邪谢写邪褉写邪 褎芯褌芯褌褨谢褕褨, 褎芯褌芯卸褍褉薪邪谢懈褋褌 褉械褌褨薪写械 25 卸褘谢写褘覜 褌訖卸褨褉懈斜械谢褨泻 卸訖薪械 覛邪蟹野校-写褨遥 卸褍褉薪邪谢懈褋褌懈泻邪 褎邪泻褍谢褜褌械褌褨薪写械谐褨 芦肖芯褌芯卸褍褉薪邪谢懈褋褌懈泻邪禄 锌訖薪褨薪械薪 10 卸褘谢写褘覜 褌械芯褉懈褟-锌褉邪泻褌懈泻邪谢褘覜 斜褨谢褨屑写械褉褨屑械薪 斜萤谢褨褋褍. 楔褘覔邪褉覔邪薪 訖写褨褋褌械屑械谢褨泻 芯覜褍-覜冶褉邪谢, 褎芯褌芯褝薪褑懈泻谢芯锌械写懈褟, 邪谢褜斜芯屑写邪褉褘屑写褘, 褋芯薪褘屑械薪 斜褨褉谐械 訖谢械屑写褨泻 写械遥谐械泄写械谐褨 褎芯褌芯褉械锌芯褉褌械褉谢邪褉写褘遥 卸冶屑褘褋褌邪褉褘薪 褌邪谢覜褘谢邪褍, 褋邪褉邪锌褌邪褍谢邪褉 邪褉覜褘谢褘 褋芯薪褘屑械薪 覜邪褌邪褉 冶褋褘薪褘谢褘锌 芯褌褘褉覔邪薪 谢械泻褑懈褟谢邪褉写褘 懈谐械褉褍 爷褕褨薪, 褌邪锌褋褘褉屑邪谢邪褉 屑械薪 褌械褋褌褌械褉写褨 芯褉褘薪写邪褍 邪褉覜褘谢褘 械屑褌懈褏邪薪写褘 褋訖褌褌褨 褌邪锌褋褘褉褍褘谢邪褉褘薪邪 泻萤屑械泻 斜械褉褍.
The course 鈥淢ethods of molecular biology鈥 is the first course developed by 91传媒 Kazakh National University (KazNU) in collaboration and kind support of Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University. 91传媒 KazNU is one of the leading universities in Central Asia and is the oldest classical university in Kazakhstan. In 2019/20 it was ranked 165 in the QS World University Rankings and is 18th in the Emerging Europe and Central Asia (EECA) University Rankings.
芦覛邪蟹邪覜褋褌邪薪薪褘遥 覜邪蟹褨褉谐褨 蟹邪屑邪薪覔褘 褌邪褉懈褏褘禄 锌訖薪褨 斜爷谐褨薪谐褨 野谢褘 袛邪谢邪 械谢褨 邪褍屑邪覔褘薪写邪覔褘 褌邪褉懈褏懈 爷写械褉褨褋褌褨遥 斜邪褋褌邪褍谢邪褉褘, 薪械谐褨蟹谐褨 泻械蟹械遥写械褉褨 屑械薪 械褉械泻褕械谢褨泻褌械褉褨 褌褍褉邪谢褘 芯斜褗械泻褌懈胁褌褨 屑邪覔谢冶屑邪褌 斜械褉械 芯褌褘褉褘锌, 覛邪蟹邪覜褋褌邪薪写邪 褌訖褍械谢褋褨蟹 屑械屑谢械泻械褌褌褨谢褨泻褌褨遥 覜邪谢褘锌褌邪褋褍褘 屑械薪 写邪屑褍褘, 褉褍褏邪薪懈 屑訖写械薪懈械褌褨, 褝褌薪芯谐械薪械蟹 褋邪斜邪覜褌邪褋褌褘覔褘 屑訖褋械谢械谢械褉褨薪械 斜褨谢褨屑 邪谢褍褕褘薪褘遥 薪邪蟹邪褉褘薪 斜邪覔褘褌褌邪泄写褘. 孝褘遥写邪褍褕褘覔邪 褌邪褉懈褏褌褘遥 褨褉谐械谢褨 屑訖褋械谢械谢械褉褨薪褨遥 屑訖薪褨薪 卸械褌泻褨蟹褨锌, 褌邪褉懈褏懈 褌邪薪褘屑薪褘遥 覔褘谢褘屑懈 訖写褨褋褌械褉褨薪 锌邪泄写邪谢邪薪褍覔邪 爷泄褉械褌械写褨 卸訖薪械 芯谢邪褉写褘遥 覔褘谢褘屑懈 泻萤蟹覜邪褉邪褋褘 屑械薪 邪蟹邪屑邪褌褌褘覜 冶褋褌邪薪褘屑褘薪 覜邪谢褘锌褌邪褋褌褘褉邪写褘. 袨薪谢邪泄薪 泻褍褉褋 屑芯写褍谢褜写械褉褨薪褨遥 锌褉芯斜谢械屑邪谢褘覜 屑邪褌械褉懈邪谢写邪褉褘 褌褘遥写邪褍褕褘谢邪褉覔邪 芯褌邪薪写褘覜 褌邪褉懈褏褌褘遥 薪械谐褨蟹谐褨 屑訖褋械谢械谢械褉褨薪 褌械褉械遥 卸訖薪械 褌冶褌邪褋褌邪泄 覜邪斜褘谢写邪褍覔邪 泻萤屑械泻褌械褋褨锌, 褎邪泻褌褨谢械褉, 写訖谢械谢写械褉谐械, 卸邪蟹斜邪, 邪褉褏械芯谢芯谐懈褟谢褘覜 写械褉械泻褌械褉谐械 卸訖薪械 覔褘谢褘屑懈 褌邪谢写邪褍覔邪 薪械谐褨蟹写械谢谐械薪 卸訖薪械 褕褘薪邪泄褘 褌邪褉懈褏褌褘 斜冶褉屑邪谢邪褍谢邪褉写邪薪 褋邪覜褌邪薪写褘褉邪褌褘薪, 邪遥褘蟹 褕褘覔邪褉屑邪褕褘谢褘覔褘薪邪薪 邪覜懈覜邪褌褌褘 邪卸褘褉邪褌褍覔邪, 冶谢褌褌褘覜 斜邪褋褘屑写褘谢褘覜褌邪褉覔邪 屑訖薪 斜械褉褍谐械 爷泄褉械褌械褌褨薪 褍邪覜褘褌 褌邪谢邪斜褘 屑械薪 褕褘薪写褘覔褘薪邪 褋訖泄泻械褋 爷泄谢械褋褨屑写褨 褌邪褉懈褏懈 褋邪薪邪薪褘 卸訖薪械 写爷薪懈械褌邪薪褘屑写褘覜 锌褉懈薪褑懈锌褌械褉写褨 覜邪谢褘锌褌邪褋褌褘褉褍覔邪 屑爷屑泻褨薪写褨泻 斜械褉械写褨.
袗褌邪谢覔邪薪 泻褍褉褋 邪覔褘谢褕褘薪 褌褨谢褨薪 卸械褌械 屑械遥谐械褉谐褨褋褨 泻械谢械褌褨薪 1 泻褍褉褋 褋褌褍写械薪褌褌械褉褨薪械, 斜訖褋械泻械谐械 覜邪斜褨谢械褌褌褨 斜芯谢邪屑 写械泄褌褨薪 褌褘遥写邪褍褕褘谢邪褉覔邪, 褝泻蟹邪屑械薪谐械 写邪泄褘薪写邪谢邪褌褘薪 褋褌褍写械薪褌褌械褉谐械 邪褉薪邪谢覔邪薪. 袗覔褘谢褕褘薪 褌褨谢褨 泻褍褉褋褘薪 芯覜褘褌褍写褘遥 薪械谐褨蟹谐褨 屑褨薪写械褌褨 褌褘遥写邪褍褕褘谢邪褉覔邪 褕械褌械谢 褌褨谢褨 邪覜锌邪褉邪褌 邪谢褍 泻萤蟹褨, 覜邪褉褘屑-覜邪褌褘薪邪褋 卸邪褋邪褍 覜冶褉邪谢褘 褉械褌褨薪写械 萤蟹 芯泄-锌褨泻褨褉褨薪 卸械褌泻褨蟹械 斜褨谢褍, 萤蟹谐械薪褨 褌爷褋褨薪褍 屑邪覜褋邪褌褘薪写邪 锌邪泄写邪谢邪薪邪 斜褨谢褍谐械 覜邪卸械褌褌褨 械遥 薪械谐褨蟹谐褨 谐褉邪屑屑邪褌懈泻邪谢褘覜, 谢械泻褋懈泻邪谢褘覜 屑邪褌械褉懈邪谢写邪褉, 芯覜褍覔邪 邪褉薪邪谢覔邪薪 屑訖褌褨薪写械褉 褋萤写褨泻褌械褉褨屑械薪, 褌邪锌褋褘褉屑邪谢邪褉褘屑械薪 斜械褉褨谢写褨.
It is an introduction course to the world of computer science. In this course being studied the history of developing of ICT, its benefits for the modern society, principles of its work from hardware and software to human computer interaction. Also this course includes practice classes in writing documents, creating a web page, work with Microsoft Excel and Access. Also shows the perspective fields of ICT like Green technologies, Smart houses, Artificial Intelligence, E-technologies and learn how to work with them.
袠蟹褍褔邪褟 芯薪谢邪泄薪 泻褍褉褋 芦袠薪褎芯褉屑邪褑懈芯薪薪芯 鈥 泻芯屑屑褍薪懈泻邪褑懈芯薪薪褘械 褌械褏薪芯谢芯谐懈懈禄, 胁褘 锌芯蟹薪邪泻芯屑懈褌械褋褜 褋 芯褋薪芯胁邪屑懈 锌芯谢褍褔械薪懈褟, 芯斜褉邪斜芯褌泻懈 懈 胁褘胁芯写邪 懈薪褎芯褉屑邪褑懈懈 褋 懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪薪懈械屑 褋芯胁褉械屑械薪薪褘褏 胁褘褔懈褋谢懈褌械谢褜薪褘褏 褍褋褌褉芯泄褋褌胁. 袨蟹薪邪泻芯屑懈褌械褋褜 褋 锌褉懈薪褑懈锌邪屑懈 褎褍薪泻褑懈芯薪懈褉芯胁邪薪懈褟 懈 芯褋薪芯胁薪褘屑懈 泻芯屑锌芯薪械薪褌邪屑懈 泻芯屑锌褜褞褌械褉芯胁. 袙 褉邪屑泻邪褏 锌褉芯褏芯卸写械薪懈褟 泻褍褉褋邪 袙褘 锌褉懈芯斜褉械褌械褌械 薪邪胁褘泻懈, 薪械芯斜褏芯写懈屑褘械 锌褉懈 褉邪斜芯褌械 褋 芯褋薪芯胁薪褘屑懈 锌褉芯谐褉邪屑屑薪褘屑懈 锌褉懈谢芯卸械薪懈褟屑懈, 邪泻褌懈胁薪芯 锌褉懈屑械薪褟械屑褘屑懈 褋锌械褑懈邪谢懈褋褌邪屑懈 胁褋械褏 褋褎械褉 薪邪褍泻 懈 斜懈蟹薪械褋邪. 小褌褉褍泻褌褍褉邪 泻褍褉褋邪 褋芯写械褉卸懈褌 斜邪蟹芯胁褘械 谢械泻褑懈芯薪薪褘械 屑邪褌械褉懈邪谢褘 懈 锌褉邪泻褌懈褔械褋泻懈械 蟹邪写邪薪懈褟, 薪邪锌褉邪胁谢械薪薪褘械 薪邪 褍褋泻芯褉械薪薪芯械 懈蟹褍褔械薪懈械 芯褋薪芯胁薪褘褏 芯褎懈褋薪褘褏 锌褉懈谢芯卸械薪懈泄. 袠蟹褍褔械薪懈械 屑邪褌械褉懈邪谢芯胁 泻褍褉褋邪 锌褉械写芯褋褌邪胁懈褌 袙邪屑 胁芯蟹屑芯卸薪芯褋褌褜 泻褉懈褌懈褔械褋泻懈 芯褑械薪懈胁邪褌褜 懈 胁褘斜懈褉邪褌褜 薪械芯斜褏芯写懈屑褘泄 泻褉褍谐 褌械屑 写谢褟 写邪谢褜薪械泄褕械谐芯 懈蟹褍褔械薪懈褟 懈 锌褉懈屑械薪械薪懈褟 锌芯谢褍褔械薪薪褘褏 蟹薪邪薪懈泄 胁 胁邪褕械泄 锌褉芯褎械褋褋懈芯薪邪谢褜薪芯泄 写械褟褌械谢褜薪芯褋褌懈.
袘冶谢 懈薪褎芯褉屑邪褌懈泻邪 訖谢械屑褨薪械 泻褨褉褨褋锌械 泻褍褉褋褘 斜芯谢褘锌 褋邪薪邪谢邪写褘. 袘冶谢 泻褍褉褋褌邪 袗覜锌邪褉邪褌褌褘覜 卸訖薪械 泻芯屑屑褍薪懈泻邪褑懈褟谢褘覜 褌械褏薪芯谢芯谐懈褟谢邪褉写褘遥 写邪屑褍 褌邪褉懈褏褘, 芯薪褘遥 蟹邪屑邪薪邪褍懈 覜芯覔邪屑覔邪 锌邪泄写邪褋褘, 邪锌锌邪褉邪褌褌褘覜 卸訖薪械 斜邪覔写邪褉谢邪屑邪谢褘覜 覜邪屑褌邪屑邪屑械薪 邪写邪屑 屑械薪 泻芯屑锌褜褞褌械褉写褨遥 萤蟹邪褉邪 覜邪褌褘薪邪褋褘薪褘遥 锌褉懈薪褑懈锌褌械褉褨 蟹械褉褌褌械谢械写褨 卸訖薪械 覜邪蟹褨褉谐褨 蟹邪屑邪薪覔褘 械褋械锌褌械谐褨褕 覜冶褉邪谢写邪褉写褘 锌邪泄写邪谢邪薪邪 芯褌褘褉褘锌, 邪覜锌邪褉邪褌褌褘 覜邪斜褘谢写邪褍, 萤遥写械褍 卸訖薪械 褕褘覔邪褉褍 薪械谐褨蟹写械褉褨薪 爷泄褉械褌械写褨.
笑械谢褜褞 泻褍褉褋邪 褟胁谢褟械褌褋褟 褎芯褉屑懈褉芯胁邪薪懈械 褍 褋褌褍写械薪褌芯胁 褋锌芯褋芯斜薪芯褋褌懈 褋邪屑芯褋褌芯褟褌械谢褜薪芯 胁褘褟胁谢褟褌褜, 褋懈褋褌械屑邪褌懈蟹懈褉芯胁邪褌褜 懈 芯褑械薪懈胁邪褌褜 屑懈褉芯胁芯蟹蟹褉械薪褔械褋泻懈械 泻芯屑锌芯薪械薪褌褘 懈蟹褍褔械薪懈褟 锌褉懈褉芯写薪芯谐芯 懈 褋芯褑懈邪谢褜薪芯谐芯 屑懈褉邪. 协褌芯 - 锌芯写褉芯斜薪褘泄 懈 褍胁谢械泻邪褌械谢褜薪褘泄 褝泻褋泻褍褉褋 胁 懈薪褌械谢谢械泻褌褍邪谢褜薪褍褞 懈褋褌芯褉懈褞 褋芯胁褉械屑械薪薪芯泄 褑懈胁懈谢懈蟹邪褑懈懈. 袣邪卸写褘泄 褋谢褍褕邪褌械谢褜 褋屑芯卸械褌 锌芯蟹薪邪泻芯屑懈褌褜褋褟 褋 泻谢邪褋褋懈褔械褋泻懈屑懈 懈 褋芯胁褉械屑械薪薪褘屑懈 锌褉芯斜谢械屑邪屑懈 褎懈谢芯褋芯褎懈懈 (薪邪锌褉懈屑械褉, 褎懈谢芯褋芯褎懈褟 褋芯蟹薪邪薪懈褟, 锌褉芯斜谢械屑褘 懈褋泻褍褋褋褌胁械薪薪芯谐芯 懈薪褌械谢谢械泻褌邪, 褋芯胁褉械屑械薪薪芯泄 泻芯褋屑芯谢芯谐懈懈 懈 写褉.) 懈 胁褘斜褉邪褌褜 褌械屑褘, 泻芯褌芯褉褘械 懈薪褌械褉械褋薪褘 懈屑械薪薪芯 械屑褍 胁 褉邪屑泻邪褏 胁褘斜褉邪薪薪芯泄 芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪褌械谢褜薪芯泄 锌褉芯谐褉邪屑屑褘. 袣褍褉褋 芯褌薪芯褋懈褌褋褟 泻 褑懈泻谢褍 芯斜褖械芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪褌械谢褜薪褘褏 写懈褋褑懈锌谢懈薪 懈 锌褉械写薪邪蟹薪邪褔械薪 写谢褟 斜邪泻邪谢邪胁褉芯胁 谢褞斜褘褏 薪邪锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈泄 锌芯写谐芯褌芯胁泻懈. 袣褍褉褋 褔懈褌邪械褌褋褟 泻邪褎械写褉芯泄 褎懈谢芯褋芯褎懈懈 袣邪蟹袧校 懈屑. 邪谢褜-肖邪褉邪斜懈 鈥 胁械写褍褖懈屑 薪邪褍褔薪褘屑 懈 芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪褌械谢褜薪褘屑 褑械薪褌褉芯屑, 邪泻泻褍屑褍谢懈褉褍褞褖懈屑 褌褉邪写懈褑懈懈 懈 懈薪薪芯胁邪褑懈懈 泻邪蟹邪褏褋褌邪薪褋泻芯泄 褎懈谢芯褋芯褎褋泻芯泄 褕泻芯谢褘.
芦肖懈谢芯褋芯褎懈褟禄 锌訖薪褨 斜芯谢邪褕邪覜 屑邪屑邪薪写邪褉写褘遥 斜芯泄褘薪写邪 褌訖褍械谢褋褨蟹 褋褘薪懈 芯泄谢邪褍 褌爷褋褨薪褨谐褨薪 覜邪谢褘锌褌邪褋褌褘褉褍 屑械薪 屑邪遥褘蟹写褘 写爷薪懈械褌邪薪褘屑写褘覜 冶覔褘屑写邪褉写褘 褌爷褋褨薪褍谐械 斜邪覔褘褌褌邪谢覔邪薪. 袩訖薪写褨 芯覜褍 斜邪褉褘褋褘薪写邪 泻械谢械褋褨 邪褋锌械泻褌褨谢械褉 覜邪褉邪褋褌褘褉褘谢邪写褘: 肖懈谢芯褋芯褎懈褟薪褘遥 锌邪泄写邪 斜芯谢褍褘 屑械薪 写邪屑褍褘. 肖懈谢芯褋芯褎懈褟薪褘遥 锌訖薪褨 屑械薪 訖写褨褋褌械褉褨. 肖懈谢芯褋芯褎懈褟薪褘遥 褌邪褉懈褏懈 褌懈锌褌械褉褨. 訕谢械屑写褨 褎懈谢芯褋芯褎懈褟谢褘覜 褌爷褋褨薪褍写褨遥 薪械谐褨蟹褨. 袘芯谢屑褘褋 屑訖褋械谢械褋褨. 袨薪褌芯谢芯谐懈褟 卸訖薪械 屑械褌邪褎懈蟹懈泻邪. 小邪薪邪 屑械薪 褌褨谢. 孝邪薪褘屑 屑械薪 褕褘覔邪褉屑邪褕褘谢褘覜. 覓褘谢褘屑懈 卸訖薪械 覔褘谢褘屑懈 械屑械褋 斜褨谢褨屑. 覓褘谢褘屑 屑械薪 褌械褏薪懈泻邪. 袗写邪屑 褎懈谢芯褋芯褎懈褟褋褘 卸訖薪械 覜冶薪写褘谢褘覜褌邪褉 訖谢械屑褨. 莹屑褨褉 屑械薪 萤谢褨屑. 莹屑褨褉写褨遥 屑訖薪褨. 协褌懈泻邪. 覛冶薪写褘谢褘覜褌邪褉 褎懈谢芯褋芯褎懈褟褋褘. 袝褉泻褨薪写褨泻. 协褋褌械褌懈泻邪. 覛邪斜褘谢写邪褍 卸訖薪械 訖褋械屑写褨泻褌褨 卸邪褋邪褍. 覛芯覔邪屑 屑械薪 屑訖写械薪懈械褌. 孝邪褉懈褏 褎懈谢芯褋芯褎懈褟褋褘. 芦袦訖遥谐褨谢褨泻 袝谢禄 卸訖薪械 芦袪褍褏邪薪懈 卸邪遥覔褘褉褍禄 鈥 覛邪蟹邪覜褋褌邪薪薪褘遥 卸邪遥邪 褎懈谢芯褋芯褎懈褟褋褘.
袘冶谢 泻褍褉褋 覜芯覔邪屑写邪覔褘 褋邪褟褋邪褌褌褘遥 褌邪斜懈覔邪褌褘薪, 芯薪褘遥 芯褉薪褘 屑械薪 褉萤谢褨薪 褌爷褋褨薪褨锌, 褋邪褟褋邪褌褌褘遥 覜褘褉-褋褘褉褘薪 斜褨谢谐褨褋褨 泻械谢械褌褨薪 泻械蟹 泻械谢谐械薪 卸邪褋褌邪覔褘 斜褨谢褨屑 邪谢褍褕褘谢邪褉覔邪 邪褉薪邪谢覔邪薪. 袘冶谢 锌訖薪 覜芯覔邪屑薪褘遥 褋邪褟褋懈 褋邪谢邪褋褘 褌褍褉邪谢褘 卸爷泄械谢褨 斜褨谢褨屑 斜械褉褨锌, 邪蟹邪屑邪褌 褉械褌褨薪写械 褋邪褟褋懈 爷褉写褨褋褌械褉 屑械薪 懈薪褋褌懈褌褍褌褌邪褉 卸冶屑褘褋褘薪邪 覜邪褌褘褋褍覔邪 卸訖薪械 斜邪覔邪谢邪褍覔邪, 褌邪谢写邪褍 屑械薪 斜芯谢卸邪褍覔邪 覜邪卸械褌褌褨 写邪覔写褘谢邪褉写褘 覜邪谢褘锌褌邪褋褌褘褉邪写褘.
袘芯谢邪褕邪覜 卸芯覔邪褉褘 屑械泻褌械锌 芯覜褘褌褍褕褘谢邪褉褘 爷褕褨薪 芦覛邪蟹褨褉谐褨 卸芯覔邪褉褘 斜褨谢褨屑 斜械褉褍禄 屑訖褋械谢械谢械褉褨薪 卸邪薪-卸邪覜褌褘 覜邪褉邪褋褌褘褉褘锌, 褍薪懈胁械褉褋懈褌械褌褌褨遥 芯覜褍-褌訖褉斜懈械 爷写械褉褨褋褨薪 覜邪谢邪泄 冶泄褘屑写邪褋褌褘褉褍, 锌訖薪薪褨遥 芯覜褍-訖写褨褋褌械屑械谢褨泻 泻械褕械薪褨薪 覜冶褉邪褋褌褘褉褍, 写訖褋褌爷褉谢褨 卸訖薪械 懈薪薪芯胁邪褑懈褟谢褘覜 芯覜褘褌褍 訖写褨褋褌械褉褨薪, 卸邪遥邪 斜褨谢褨屑 斜械褉褍 褌械褏薪芯谢芯谐懈褟谢邪褉褘薪 褌懈褨屑写褨 锌邪泄写邪谢邪薪褍写褘, 褋芯薪褘屑械薪 斜褨褉谐械 泻褍褉邪褌芯褉-褝写胁邪泄蟹械褉谢褨泻 覜褘蟹屑械褌褌褨 冶泄褘屑写邪褋褌褘褉褍写褘, 褌訖褉斜懈械谢褨泻 褨褋-褕邪褉邪谢邪褉写褘 萤褌泻褨蟹褍 褋褑械薪邪褉懈泄谢械褉褨薪 卸邪褋邪褍写褘, 锌械写邪谐芯谐懈泻邪谢褘覜 覜邪褉褘屑-覜邪褌褘薪邪褋 覜冶褉邪谢写邪褉褘薪, 斜邪褋覜邪褉褍 褋褌懈谢写械褉褨薪 薪訖褌懈卸械谢褨 覜芯谢写邪薪褍覔邪, 斜褨谢褨屑 斜械褉褍 褋邪谢邪褋褘薪写邪覔褘 褉械褎芯褉屑邪谢邪褉写褘 褌邪谢写邪锌, 写邪屑褍 褌械薪写械薪褑懈褟谢邪褉褘薪 褋邪褉邪谢邪锌, 芯覜褘锌 爷泄褉械薪褍谐械 屑爷屑泻褨薪写褨泻 斜械褉械写褨.
袝褋谢懈 胁褘 褏芯褌懈褌械 胁谢懈褟褌褜 薪邪 谢褞写械泄 懈 蟹邪懈薪褌械褉械褋芯胁邪薪褘 胁 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈懈 褋胁芯懈褏 薪邪胁褘泻芯胁 泻邪泻 锌械写邪谐芯谐邪, 屑械褌芯写懈褋褌邪, 懈褋褋谢械写芯胁邪褌械谢褟 懈 褍褔械薪芯谐芯. 孝芯谐写邪 袙邪屑 薪褍卸薪芯 锌褉芯泄褌懈 泻褍褉褋 芦袩械写邪谐芯谐懈泻邪 胁褘褋褕械泄 褕泻芯谢褘禄. 袩芯褌褉械斜薪芯褋褌褜 胁 胁械谢懈泻懈褏 锌褉械锌芯写邪胁邪褌械谢褟褏 鈥 薪邪褋褍褖薪邪褟 锌芯褌褉械斜薪芯褋褌褜 . 袠蟹褍褔懈胁 泻褍褉褋, 胁褘 褋屑芯卸械褌械 胁谢懈褟褌褜 薪械锌芯褋褉械写褋褌胁械薪薪芯 薪邪 泻邪褔械褋褌胁芯 芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪懈褟, 薪邪 写芯褋褌褍锌薪芯褋褌褜 芯斜褍褔械薪懈褟. 泻邪泻 锌褉械锌芯写邪胁邪褌械谢褜 薪邪褍褔懈褌械褋褜 谢褍褔褕械 锌芯写写械褉卸懈胁邪褌褜 褕懈褉芯泻懈泄 懈 褉邪蟹薪芯芯斜褉邪蟹薪褘泄 泻芯薪褌懈薪谐械薪褌 褋褌褍写械薪褌芯胁, 芯胁谢邪写械械褌械 褍褋锌械褕薪褘屑懈 锌褉邪泻褌懈泻邪屑懈 芯褉谐邪薪懈蟹邪褑懈懈 胁芯褋锌懈褌邪薪懈褟 懈 褝褎褎械泻褌懈胁薪芯谐芯 褋邪屑芯屑械薪械写卸屑械薪褌邪.
The course aims to develop skills of evaluating programs for solving social problems based on sociological imagination, critical thinking and sociological research methods to analyze and interpret social processes and institutions. The course is based on the study of theories of sociology associated with the names of key foreign and domestic scholars who have contributed to the development of sociology. Sociology studies a variety of topics from crime to religion, from the family to the state, divisions of race and social class to the shared beliefs of a common culture, from social stability to radical change in whole societies. Basically, everything that surrounds us is a subject of sociology. By discovering theoretical concepts, research methods and analyzing the processes as sociologists, students will be able to find answers these kind of questions: Are we free or do we follow the crowd? Why there is inequality? How people and institutions which make up society interact? What are the things that influence your life (family background, ethnicity, social class, religion, gender)? Why there is war? This is facilitated by the methodology of the course: special situational tasks, interesting games, watching movies, videos, test tasks and etc.
袙 锌褉芯褑械褋褋械 懈蟹褍褔械薪懈褟 泻褍褉褋邪 «袣褍谢褜褌褍褉芯谢芯谐懈褟» 胁褘 胁褋褌褉械褌懈褌械褋褜 褋 屑薪芯谐芯褔懈褋谢械薪薪褘屑懈 褌芯褔泻邪屑懈 蟹褉械薪懈褟, 胁蟹邪懈屑芯写芯锌芯谢薪褟褞褖懈屑懈 写褉褍谐 写褉褍谐邪 芯褑械薪泻邪屑懈 芯写薪懈褏 懈 褌械褏 卸械 褟胁谢械薪懈泄. 袙邪褕邪 褋邪屑芯褋褌芯褟褌械谢褜薪芯褋褌褜 懈 邪泻褌懈胁薪芯褋褌褜 写芯谢卸薪褘 锌褉芯褟胁懈褌褜褋褟 胁 褌芯屑, 褔褌芯斜褘, 芯蟹薪邪泻芯屑懈胁褕懈褋褜 褋 褉邪蟹薪褘屑懈 锌芯蟹懈褑懈褟屑懈, 芯锌褉械写械谢懈褌褜褋褟 胁 褋胁芯懈褏 锌褉械写锌芯褔褌械薪懈褟褏, 褋芯胁械褉褕械薪褋褌胁芯胁邪褌褜 懈 褉邪蟹胁懈胁邪褌褜 褋胁芯懈 褋锌芯褋芯斜薪芯褋褌懈. 袩褉械写褋褌邪胁谢械薪薪褘泄 泻褍褉褋 芯斜褗械写懈薪褟械褌 褋懈谢褜薪褘械 褋褌芯褉芯薪褘 褋芯褑懈邪谢褜薪褘褏 懈 谐褍屑邪薪懈褌邪褉薪褘褏 薪邪褍泻, 芯锌懈褉邪械褌褋褟 薪邪 屑械褌芯写褘 懈 褌械芯褉懈懈 懈褋褌芯褉懈懈, 褎懈谢芯褋芯褎懈懈, 褋芯褑懈芯谢芯谐懈懈, 谢懈褌械褉邪褌褍褉芯胁械写械薪懈褟 懈 泻芯屑屑褍薪懈泻邪褑懈芯薪薪褘褏 懈褋褋谢械写芯胁邪薪懈泄. 孝胁芯褉褔械褋泻懈械 蟹邪写邪薪懈褟 泻褍褉褋邪 褋锌芯褋芯斜褋褌胁褍褞褌 胁泻谢褞褔械薪懈褞 褋谢褍褕邪褌械谢褟 胁 锌褉邪泻褌懈褔械褋泻褍褞 褉械邪谢懈蟹邪褑懈褞 屑懈褉邪 泻褍谢褜褌褍褉褘.
訕谢械褍屑械褌褌邪薪褍 锌訖薪褨 覜芯覔邪屑薪褘遥 訖谢械褍屑械褌褌褨泻 卸邪覔写邪泄褘薪 褌械芯褉懈褟谢褘覜 褌冶褉覔褘写邪薪 褌爷褋褨薪褍谐械, 褋懈锌邪褌褌邪褍覔邪 卸訖薪械 卸爷泄械谢械褍谐械, 褌訖卸褨褉懈斜械谢褨泻 褌冶褉覔褘写邪薪 写械褉械泻褌械褉 卸懈薪邪褍覔邪 屑爷屑泻褨薪写褨泻 斜械褉械写褨.
覛芯覔邪屑 泻爷褉写械谢褨 訖谢械褍屑械褌褌褨泻 斜邪泄谢邪薪褘褋褌邪褉 屑械薪 覜邪褉褘屑-覜邪褌褘薪邪褋褌邪褉 卸爷泄械褋褨薪械薪 褌冶褉邪写褘. 袦冶薪写邪泄 斜邪泄谢邪薪褘褋褌邪褉 萤蟹邪褉邪 褋械褉褨泻褌械褋褌褨泻泻械, 褘薪褌褘屑邪覜褌邪褋褌褘覜覜邪 薪械谐褨蟹写械谢褨锌, 卸邪褋邪屑锌邪蟹写褘覜覜邪 薪械屑械褋械 覜邪褉邪屑邪-覜邪泄褕褘谢褘覜褌邪褉 屑械薪 写邪褍-卸邪薪卸邪谢写褘覜 褋懈褌褍邪褑懈褟谢邪褉写褘遥 訖褋械褉褨屑械薪 覜懈褘薪写褘覜褌邪褉覔邪 写邪 邪谢褘锌 泻械谢褍褨 屑爷屑泻褨薪. 訕谢械褍屑械褌褌邪薪褍写褘遥 屑邪覜褋邪褌褘 - 褌爷褉谢褨 訖谢械褍屑械褌褌褨泻 斜邪泄谢邪薪褘褋褌邪褉写褘遥 覜邪谢褘锌褌邪褋褍 蟹邪遥写褘谢褘覜褌邪褉褘薪 褌爷褋褨薪写褨褉褨锌, 写邪褍谢邪褉写褘 褕械褕褍写褨遥 褌懈褨屑写褨 卸芯谢写邪褉褘薪 泻萤褉褋械褌褍. 訕谢械褍屑械褌褌褨泻 斜邪泄谢邪薪褘褋褌邪褉 屑械薪 覜邪褉褘屑-覜邪褌褘薪邪褋褌邪褉写褘遥 覜邪谢褘锌褌邪褋褍 褋懈锌邪褌褘 邪写邪屑写邪褉写褘遥 覜冶薪写褘谢褘覜褌邪褉褘屑械薪, 萤屑褨褉谐械 写械谐械薪 泻萤蟹覜邪褉邪褋褌邪褉褘屑械薪, 屑訖写械薪懈械褌褨屑械薪, 锌褋懈褏芯谢芯谐懈褟褋褘屑械薪 邪薪褘覜褌邪谢邪写褘 卸訖薪械 芯谢邪褉写褘遥 覜邪谢邪泄 覜邪谢褘锌褌邪褋邪褌褘薪写褘覔褘 訖谢械褍屑械褌褌褨泻 卸邪覔写邪泄覔邪 斜械谢谐褨谢褨 斜褨褉 写械遥谐械泄写械 斜邪泄谢邪薪褘褋褌褘. 小芯薪写褘覜褌邪薪 写邪 訖谢械褍屑械褌褌邪薪褍写褘 芯覜褍 邪褉覜褘谢褘 萤蟹褨屑褨蟹写褨, 萤蟹褨屑褨蟹 萤屑褨褉 褋爷褉褨锌 芯褌褘褉覔邪薪 芯褉褌邪薪褘, 褌爷褉谢褨 褌芯锌褌邪褉写褘, 芯谢邪褉写褘遥 訖谢械褍屑械褌褌褨泻 锌褋懈褏芯谢芯谐懈褟褋褘薪, 屑訖写械薪懈械褌褨薪, 褌爷褉谢褨 褋懈褌褍邪褑懈褟写邪 覜邪薪写邪泄 訖褉械泻械褌泻械 写邪泄褘薪 斜芯谢邪褌褘薪写褘覔褘薪 褌爷褋褨薪械 邪谢邪屑褘蟹.
袩褋懈褏芯谢芯谐懈褟 泻褍褉褋褘薪 芯覜褍 斜邪褉褘褋褘薪写邪 褋褨蟹 邪谢邪褌褘薪 斜褨谢褨屑写械褉, 邪褌邪锌 邪泄褌褋邪覜, 褌冶谢覔邪薪褘遥 锌褋懈褏芯谢芯谐懈褟谢褘覜 褌邪斜懈覔邪褌褘, 冶谢褌褌褘覜 褋邪薪邪薪褘遥 锌褋懈褏芯谢芯谐懈褟谢褘覜 薪械谐褨蟹写械褉褨 褋懈褟覜褌褘 褋冶褉邪覜褌邪褉 覜芯覔邪屑 屑爷褕械褋褨 褉械褌褨薪写械 邪褋邪 覜邪卸械褌, 芯褋褘 泻褍褉褋褌邪 褋褨蟹谐械 斜邪覔写邪褉 斜械褉械 邪谢邪褌褘薪 褌械芯褉懈褟谢褘覜-锌褉邪泻褌懈泻邪谢褘覜 斜褨谢褨屑写械褉 萤屑褨褉写械 褋訖褌褌褨谢褨泻泻械 卸械褌褍谐械, 斜訖褋械泻械谐械 覜邪斜褨谢械褌褌褨 斜芯谢褍覔邪 爷泄褉械褌械写褨.
孝械芯褉懈褟谢褘覜 蟹械褉褌褌械褍谢械褉, 锌褉邪泻褌懈泻邪谢褘覜 锌褋懈褏芯谢芯谐懈褟谢褘覜 卸邪褌褌褘覔褍谢邪褉, 泻萤锌褌械谐械薪 锌褋懈褏芯谢芯谐懈褟谢褘覜 訖写褨褋褌械褉 «袦械薪 泻褨屑屑褨薪?» 写械谐械薪 薪械谐褨蟹谐褨 褨褕泻褨 褋冶褉邪覜覜邪 卸邪褍邪锌 邪谢褍覔邪 褋褨蟹写褨 斜邪覔褘褌褌邪泄写褘.
莹蟹褨遥褨蟹写褨遥 锌褋懈褏芯谢芯谐懈褟谢褘覜 锌芯褉褌褉械褌褨遥褨蟹写褨 卸邪褋邪泄褋褘蟹, 覜芯褉褕邪覔邪薪写邪褉屑械薪 锌芯蟹懈褌懈胁褌褨 覜邪褉褘屑-覜邪褌褘薪邪褋 卸邪褋邪褍 锌褋懈褏芯褌械褏薪芯谢芯谐懈褟谢邪褉褘薪 懈谐械褉械褋褨蟹, 覜邪蟹褨褉谐褨 邪覜锌邪褉邪褌褌褘覜 褌械褏薪芯谢芯谐懈褟谢邪褉写褘遥 写邪屑褘覔邪薪 蟹邪屑邪薪褘薪写邪 萤蟹褨遥褨蟹写褨遥 锌褋懈褏芯谢芯谐懈褟谢褘覜 写械薪褋邪褍谢褘覔褘遥褘蟹写褘 薪褘覔邪泄褌邪 邪谢邪褋褘蟹.
袣爷薪写械谢褨泻褌褨 萤屑褨褉褨遥褨蟹写械 萤褌褨锌 卸邪褌覜邪薪 卸邪覔写邪泄谢邪褉覔邪 芯褉邪泄 褋褌褉械褋褋褌褨泻 泻爷泄褨遥褨蟹写褨 萤蟹谐械褉褌械 邪谢邪褌褘薪 褋褌褉械褋褋-屑械薪写卸屑械薪褌, 褝屑芯褑懈褟谢褘覜 懈薪褌械谢谢械泻褌, 訖谢械褍屑械褌褌褨泻 懈薪褌械谢谢械泻褌 锌械薪 懈屑懈写卸写褨 覜邪谢褘锌褌邪褋褌褘褉褍写褘遥 薪械谐褨蟹写械褉褨薪械 斜邪覔写邪褉谢邪薪覔邪薪 锌褋懈褏芯谢芯谐懈褟谢褘覜 褋械屑懈薪邪褉-褌褉械薪懈谐褌褨泻 斜邪覔写邪褉谢邪屑邪谢邪褉写褘 懈谐械褉械褋褨蟹, 萤蟹褨遥褨蟹谐械 锌褋懈褏芯谢芯谐懈褟谢褘覜 泻萤屑械泻 斜械褉褍谐械 屑邪褕褘覜褌邪薪邪褋褘蟹.
袣褍褉褋 薪邪锌褉邪胁谢械薪 薪邪 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈械 褋锌芯褋芯斜薪芯褋褌械泄 邪薪邪谢懈蟹邪 卸懈蟹薪械薪薪褘褏 懈 锌褉芯褎械褋褋懈芯薪邪谢褜薪褘褏 褋懈褌褍邪褑懈泄 褋 锌芯屑芯褖褜褞 褋芯褑懈邪谢褜薪芯-锌褋懈褏芯谢芯谐懈褔械褋泻懈褏 蟹薪邪薪懈泄. 袣褍褉褋 锌褉械写薪邪蟹薪邪褔械薪 写谢褟 锌芯胁褘褕械薪懈褟 芯斜褖械泄 锌褋懈褏芯谢芯谐懈褔械褋泻芯泄 泻芯屑锌械褌械薪褌薪芯褋褌懈 懈 泻褍谢褜褌褍褉褘 斜褍写褍褖械谐芯 褋锌械褑懈邪谢懈褋褌邪, 芯褋芯蟹薪邪薪懈褟 褋胁芯械谐芯 锌褉芯褕谢芯谐芯, 薪邪褋褌芯褟褖械谐芯 懈 斜褍写褍褖械谐芯 褋 锌褋懈褏芯谢芯谐懈褔械褋泻懈褏 锌芯蟹懈褑懈泄, 邪 褌邪泻卸械 写谢褟 芯褋胁芯械薪懈褟 蟹薪邪薪懈泄 褋芯褑懈邪谢褜薪芯-锌褋懈褏芯谢芯谐懈褔械褋泻懈褏 蟹邪泻芯薪芯屑械褉薪芯褋褌械泄 锌芯胁械写械薪懈褟 谢懈褔薪芯褋褌懈.
袣褍褉褋 写邪械褌 芯斜褖械械 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁谢械薪懈械 芯 褋芯胁褉械屑械薪薪芯屑 褍谐芯谢芯胁薪芯屑 锌褉芯褑械褋褋械 袪袣 褋 褌芯褔泻懈 蟹褉械薪懈褟 芯斜褖械泄 褌械芯褉懈懈, 写械泄褋褌胁褍褞褖械谐芯 蟹邪泻芯薪芯写邪褌械谢褜褋褌胁邪, 芯褎懈褑懈邪谢褜薪芯谐芯 褌芯谢泻芯胁邪薪懈褟 锌褉邪胁邪 懈 锌褉邪胁芯锌褉懈屑械薪懈褌械谢褜薪芯泄 锌褉邪泻褌懈泻懈.
袣褍褉褋 褋芯蟹写邪薪 写谢褟 褋褌褍写械薪褌芯胁 褎邪泻褍谢褜褌械褌芯胁 卸褍褉薪邪谢懈褋褌懈泻懈, 邪 褌邪泻卸械 锌褉邪泻褌懈褔械褋泻懈褏 褉邪斜芯褌薪懈泻芯胁 小袦袠, 斜谢芯谐械褉芯胁, 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁懈褌械谢械泄 锌褉械褋褋-褋谢褍卸斜 懈 写褉.
袩褉械写谢邪谐邪械屑褘泄 泻褍褉褋 懈 锌褉懈屑械褉褘 锌械褉械写芯胁芯谐芯 芯锌褘褌邪 锌芯屑芯谐褍褌 褋锌械褑懈邪谢懈褋褌邪屑 屑械写懈邪褋褎械褉褘 芯锌褉械写械谢懈褌褜 薪邪懈斜芯谢械械 锌芯写褏芯写褟褖懈械 懈 褝褌懈褔薪褘械 屑械褌芯写褘 褋斜芯褉邪 懈薪褎芯褉屑邪褑懈懈 懈 械械 锌芯写邪褔懈 胁 小袦袠, 褉褍泻芯胁芯写褋褌胁芯胁邪褌褜褋褟 锌褉懈薪褑懈锌邪屑懈 谐褍屑邪薪薪芯泄 懈 芯斜褗械泻褌懈胁薪芯泄 卸褍褉薪邪谢懈褋褌懈泻懈 锌褉懈 芯褋胁械褖械薪懈懈 褌邪泻芯泄 胁邪卸薪芯泄 褌械屑褘 袩芯胁械褋褌泻懈 2030 谐芯写邪, 泻邪泻 谐械薪写械褉薪芯械 褉邪胁械薪褋褌胁芯 懈 锌褉芯褌懈胁芯写械泄褋褌胁懈械 薪邪褋懈谢懈褞 胁 芯褌薪芯褕械薪懈懈 卸械薪褖懈薪 懈 写械胁芯褔械泻.
袣褍褉褋 锌芯写谐芯褌芯胁谢械薪 薪邪 芯褋薪芯胁械 芯褌泻褉褘褌褘褏 褍褔械斜薪褘褏 褉械褋褍褉褋芯胁 挟袧袝小袣袨, 褉邪褋褋泻邪卸械褌 芯 锌谢褞褋邪褏 谐械薪写械褉薪芯谐芯 褉邪胁械薪褋褌胁邪, 胁懈写邪褏 薪邪褋懈谢懈褟, 褌邪泻褌懈泻械 锌褉芯褌懈胁芯写械泄褋褌胁懈褟 泻懈斜械褉斜褍谢谢懈薪谐褍 懈 褋械褌械胁褘屑 邪褌邪泻邪屑 锌褉芯褌懈胁 卸褍褉薪邪谢懈褋褌芯胁. 袧邪褍褔懈褌 薪械 写械谢邪褌褜 褎邪褌邪谢褜薪褘褏 芯褕懈斜芯泻 胁 懈薪褌械褉胁褜褞 褋 写械褌褜屑懈, 泻芯褉褉械泻褌薪芯 谐芯褌芯胁懈褌褜 褌械泻褋褌褘 懈 褉邪斜芯褌邪褌褜 褋 谐械薪写械褉薪芯泄 褋褌邪褌懈褋褌懈泻芯泄, 褋 芯褋褌芯褉芯卸薪芯褋褌褜褞 懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪褌褜 «褌邪泄薪褘械» 屑械褌芯写褘 (褋泻褉褘褌褍褞 泻邪屑械褉褍, 锌褉芯褋谢褍褕泻褍 懈谢懈 褝泻褋锌械褉懈屑械薪褌), 邪 褌邪泻卸械 锌褉邪胁懈谢褜薪芯 锌芯写斜懈褉邪褌褜 懈谢谢褞褋褌褉邪褑懈懈 泻 屑邪褌械褉懈邪谢邪屑.
袣褍褉褋 懈蟹褍褔邪械褌 褝谢械屑械薪褌褘, 泻芯褌芯褉褘械 芯斜褗械写懈薪褟褞褌 薪邪褋 – 谢褞写械泄 – 泻邪泻 胁懈写, 邪 褌邪泻卸械 褉邪蟹薪芯芯斜褉邪蟹懈械 懈 芯褋芯斜械薪薪芯褋褌懈 薪邪褕械谐芯 锌芯胁械写械薪懈褟. 协褌芯褌 泻褍褉褋 邪薪邪谢懈蟹懈褉褍械褌 懈薪褋褌懈褌褍褌褘, 薪邪泄写械薪薪褘械 胁 褉邪蟹薪褘褏 泻褍谢褜褌褍褉邪褏, 褌邪泻懈褏 泻邪泻 褉械谢懈谐懈褟, 褝泻芯薪芯屑懈泻邪, 锌芯谢懈褌懈泻邪, 锌褉邪胁芯, 褋械屑褜褟, 懈褏 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈械 胁屑械褋褌械 褋 褋芯胁褉械屑械薪薪褘屑 屑懈褉芯屑, 褌邪泻 褔褌芯 褌械锌械褉褜 胁 褑械薪褌褉械 邪薪邪谢懈蟹邪 薪邪褏芯写褟褌褋褟 懈 褌邪泻懈械 褎械薪芯屑械薪褘, 泻邪泻 泻芯褉锌芯褉邪褌懈胁薪褘械 褋褌褉褍泻褌褍褉褘, 薪邪褍褔薪褘械 芯褉谐邪薪懈蟹邪褑懈懈, 褋芯褑懈邪谢褜薪褘械 褋械褌懈 懈 锌褉芯褔. 袣褍褉褋 褌邪泻卸械 褋褌邪胁懈褌 褋芯胁褉械屑械薪薪褍褞 泻褍谢褜褌褍褉薪褍褞 邪薪褌褉芯锌芯谢芯谐懈褞 胁 懈褋褌芯褉懈褔械褋泻懈泄 泻芯薪褌械泻褋褌, 褍褋褌邪薪邪胁谢懈胁邪褟 械械 锌褉芯懈褋褏芯卸写械薪懈械 懈 芯褌褋谢械卸懈胁邪褟 械械 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈械 薪邪 锌褉芯褌褟卸械薪懈懈 屑薪芯谐懈褏 谢械褌. 袣芯褉芯褔械 谐芯胁芯褉褟, 泻褍褉褋 薪邪锌褉邪胁谢械薪 薪邪 褌芯, 褔褌芯斜褘 写邪褌褜 褋谢褍褕邪褌械谢褞 芯褑械薪泻褍 屑薪芯谐芯芯斜褉邪蟹懈褟 褔械谢芯胁械褔械褋泻芯谐芯 芯锌褘褌邪 懈 胁邪卸薪械泄褕懈械 懈薪褋褌褉褍屑械薪褌褘, 薪械芯斜褏芯写懈屑褘械 写谢褟 懈褋褋谢械写芯胁邪薪懈褟 泻褍谢褜褌褍褉薪褘褏 邪褋锌械泻褌芯胁.
袨锌械褉邪褑懈褟谢褘覜 卸爷泄械谢械褉 斜邪覔写邪褉谢邪屑邪谢褘覜 卸邪褋邪覜褌邪屑邪薪褘遥 械遥 泻爷褉写械谢褨 褌爷褉谢械褉褨薪褨遥 覜邪褌邪褉褘薪邪 卸邪褌邪写褘. 袘冶谢 芯谢邪褉写褘遥 訖蟹褨褉谢械褍褕褨谢械褉褨薪褨遥 卸爷泄械谢械褉写褨 褘遥覔邪泄谢褘谢褘覜 锌械薪 褌懈褨屑写褨谢褨泻 褌邪谢邪锌褌邪褉褘薪 覜邪薪邪覔邪褌褌邪薪写褘褉邪褌褘薪 卸訖薪械 訖谢褨 写械 写邪屑褍 覜邪斜褨谢械褌褨薪 卸芯覔邪谢褌锌邪泄褌褘薪 械褌褨锌 卸邪褋邪褍覔邪 写械谐械薪 冶屑褌褘谢褘褋褘薪 泻萤褉褋械褌械写褨. 袨锌械褉邪褑懈褟谢褘覜 卸爷泄械谢械褉写褨 写邪屑褘褌褍 锌褉芯褑械褋褨薪写械 褌萤褉褌 薪械谐褨蟹谐褨 斜邪覔褘褌褌邪 蟹械褉褌褌械褍谢械褉 卸爷褉谐褨蟹褨谢写褨: 锌褉芯褑械褋褌械褉; 卸邪写褘薪褘 斜邪褋覜邪褉褍; 邪覜锌邪褉邪褌褌褘 覜芯褉覔邪褍 卸訖薪械 覜邪褍褨锌褋褨蟹写褨泻; 褉械褋褍褉褋褌邪褉写褘 卸芯褋锌邪褉谢邪褍 卸訖薪械 斜邪褋覜邪褉褍. 袨褋褘 斜邪覔褘褌褌邪褉写褘遥 訖褉覜邪泄褋褘褋褘薪 泻爷褉写械谢褨 锌褉邪泻褌懈泻邪谢褘覜 屑訖褋械谢械谢械褉写褨 褕械褕褍谐械 邪褉薪邪谢覔邪薪 邪斜褋褌褉邪泻褌 锌褉懈薪褑懈锌褌械褉 卸懈褘薪褌褘覔褘屑械薪 褋懈锌邪褌褌邪褍覔邪 斜芯谢邪写褘.
This course is designed for PR students and those interested in learning more about the fundamentals of PR, including management, reputation marketing, and business capital formation.
If you are just planning or already working in the field of media, PR, and at the same time you feel that you need to master additional skills for modern specialist, without spending huge time resources, then this online course is for you! In a short time, you will learn how to develop PR campaigns from zero, build relationships with journalists and bloggers, script commercials, write press releases, separate internal and external PR, work within the law, apply crisis PR rules in emergency situations, and even to conduct targeting on your own using computer programs, without resorting to the help of specialists. You will learn how to build and manage business capital, as well as evaluate it.
袣邪泻 褋褌褍写械薪褌褘 薪邪褑懈芯薪邪谢褜薪芯泄 邪褍写懈褌芯褉懈懈, 胁芯 胁褉械屑褟 芯斜褍褔械薪懈褟 胁 胁褍蟹械 胁褘 褋褌邪谢泻懈胁邪械褌械褋褜 褋 芯锌褉械写械谢械薪薪芯泄 褌褉褍写薪芯褋褌褜褞 -- 锌芯懈褋泻芯屑 薪邪褍褔薪芯泄 懈薪褎芯褉屑邪褑懈懈 薪邪 泻邪蟹邪褏褋泻芯屑 褟蟹褘泻械, 锌芯褋泻芯谢褜泻褍 懈薪褎芯褉屑邪褑懈褟 薪邪 褉褍褋褋泻芯屑 褟蟹褘泻械 褟胁谢褟械褌褋褟 斜芯谢械械 写芯褋褌褍锌薪芯泄 胁 褍褔械斜薪芯泄 谢懈褌械褉邪褌褍褉械 懈 懈薪褌械褉薪械褌-锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪褋褌胁械. 袛邪薪薪褘泄 泻褍褉褋 锌芯屑芯卸械褌 胁邪屑 薪邪褏芯写懈褌褜 芯褋薪芯胁薪褍褞 懈薪褎芯褉屑邪褑懈褞 胁 芯斜褗褢屑薪褘褏 懈 褋谢芯卸薪褘褏 褌械泻褋褌邪褏 锌芯 褋锌械褑懈邪谢褜薪芯褋褌懈 薪邪 褉褍褋褋泻芯屑 褟蟹褘泻械; 褋芯褋褌邪胁谢褟褌褜 泻芯薪褋锌械泻褌, 锌谢邪薪, 褉械褎械褉邪褌; 褋芯蟹写邪胁邪褌褜 褌械泻褋褌褘 芯锌懈褋邪薪懈褟, 锌芯胁械褋褌胁芯胁邪薪懈褟 懈 褉邪褋褋褍卸写械薪懈褟; 褎芯褉屑褍谢懈褉芯胁邪褌褜 屑褘褋谢懈 懈 锌懈褋邪褌褜 褝褋褋械; 邪 褌邪泻卸械 锌芯胁褘褋懈褌褜 褍褋锌械胁邪械屑芯褋褌褜 蟹邪 褋褔械褌 芯胁谢邪写械薪懈褟 薪邪胁褘泻邪屑懈 褉邪斜芯褌褘 褋 褌械泻褋褌邪屑懈 锌芯 褋锌械褑懈邪谢褜薪芯褋褌懈 薪邪 褉褍褋褋泻芯屑 褟蟹褘泻械.
袣褍褉褋 泻訖褋褨锌泻械褉谢褨泻 覜褘蟹屑械褌褌褨 卸爷蟹械谐械 邪褋褘褉褍覔邪 覜邪卸械褌褌褨 斜褨谢褨屑 卸訖薪械 写邪覔写褘谢邪褉写褘 覜邪谢褘锌褌邪褋褌褘褉褍覔邪 斜邪覔褘褌褌邪谢覔邪薪. 袣褍褉褋褌邪 泻訖褋褨锌泻械褉 卸訖薪械 泻訖褋褨锌泻械褉谢褨泻 芯泄谢邪褍, 斜懈蟹薪械褋 – 懈写械褟谢邪褉写褘 褌邪斜褍 卸訖薪械 褋褌邪褉褌邪锌褌褘 卸爷蟹械谐械 邪褋褘褉褍, 泻訖褋褨锌泻械褉谢褨泻褌褨遥 覜冶覜褘覜褌褘覜 屑訖褋械谢械谢械褉褨, 褌褨褉泻械褍 卸芯谢写邪褉褘, 泻訖褋褨锌泻械褉谢褨泻泻械 覜邪卸械褌褌褨 褉械褋褍褉褋褌邪褉 卸訖薪械 屑邪褉泻械褌懈薪谐 褋褌褉邪褌械谐懈褟褋褘, 泻訖褋褨锌泻械褉谢褨泻 褌訖褍械泻械谢写械褉, 褌懈褨屑写褨 斜懈蟹薪械褋-卸芯褋锌邪褉 卸邪褋邪褍 覜邪褉邪褋褌褘褉邪谢邪写褘.
No data.










